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Terrorism

Extremist Violence in Africa’s Sahel Intensifies Amid Governance Challenges

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A Region Gripped by Instability

The Sahel, a vast and volatile region south of the Sahara Desert, has been besieged by a surge in extremist violence over recent months, culminating in unprecedented attacks that highlight the growing capabilities of Islamist militant groups. In early September, jihadist militants targeted Bamako, Mali’s capital, for the first time in nearly a decade, raising alarm over the expanding reach of insurgents in the region. Just weeks earlier, over 100 civilians and soldiers were killed in a brutal assault in Burkina Faso, underscoring the relentless violence that has ravaged the region.

For more than a decade, the Sahel has been engulfed in a crisis marked by extremist insurgencies, political instability, and military coups. Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso—three nations central to the Sahel—are now governed by military juntas, each having seized power under the promise of restoring order and security. Yet, rather than stabilizing the region, the security landscape has deteriorated further.

According to the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED), more than 3,000 civilians were killed in the first half of 2023 alone—a 25 percent increase from the previous six months. The violence stems not only from jihadist groups but also from state security forces accused of widespread abuses.

The Extremist Networks Driving the Violence

Two primary groups dominate the extremist landscape in the Sahel: Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), affiliated with al-Qaeda, and the Islamic State in the Sahel. While JNIM has become increasingly embedded in local communities, especially in Mali and Burkina Faso, the Islamic State’s operations are concentrated in the Lake Chad Basin, where it commands less political influence.

Analysts point out that JNIM’s integration with local insurgent factions has granted it broader acceptance among local populations, giving it an advantage over the more fragmented and less politically entrenched Islamic State faction.

“The local populations support [JNIM] more than IS-affiliated groups,” said Shaantanu Shankar, an analyst with the Economist Intelligence Unit. “They have integrated local rebel groups, which have close community ties.”

The insurgents, whether affiliated with al-Qaeda or the Islamic State, have inflicted terror on local populations through relentless attacks, kidnappings, and mass killings. These actions, rights groups say, likely constitute war crimes.

The Sahel’s governance crisis has worsened as the military regimes in Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso have severed ties with their traditional Western allies. Upon taking power, these juntas withdrew from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and formed the Alliance of Sahel States in September, aligning their security policies more closely with Russia while distancing themselves from France and the United States.

However, the introduction of Russia’s Wagner Group, a private military company, has done little to fill the security vacuum left by the withdrawal of Western forces. “There is a huge security vacuum after the withdrawal of the French and American military,” Shankar added. “The financial and logistical capacity of the Russian presence is limited.”

Compounding the instability is a deepening economic crisis. Economic discontent, particularly among the region’s youth, has helped fuel the rise of extremist groups. Militants have successfully recruited individuals from marginalized communities, where job opportunities are scarce, and government services are often nonexistent.

“There are very few opportunities for people in rural Sahel, especially the youth,” said Heni Nsabia, an analyst with ACLED. “People whose families and communities were targeted by state forces seek security, status, and vengeance through these groups.”

Financing Extremist Activities: A Diversified Strategy

Despite their links to al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, the Sahel’s militant groups primarily finance their operations through localized means. They impose taxes on local communities, control the region’s lucrative natural resources—particularly gold—and engage in cattle theft. Trafficking, particularly of narcotics, has also become a critical revenue stream, allowing militants to maintain their operations despite international counterterrorism efforts.

The illegal trade in human trafficking, especially across the Sahel’s porous borders, has also proven profitable, with analysts warning that turmoil in Libya and changes in Niger’s migration policies could exacerbate the crisis.

“The business model that these groups developed is very diversified,” Nsabia explained. “This is why it is difficult to destroy them economically. If you target one aspect, they have other sources of revenue.”

Experts warn that the situation in the Sahel is likely to deteriorate further. With the military juntas more focused on consolidating power than addressing the root causes of extremism, insecurity is expected to worsen.

“It’s a very volatile phase, and security is projected to get worse in the next two years,” Shankar observed.

The extremist threat is no longer confined to the Sahel. Militant groups have extended their reach into West Africa’s coastal nations, including Benin and Nigeria, raising concerns that more stable regions could soon face the same violence that has plagued the Sahel.

“It’s undeniable that things are getting worse,” Nsabia said. “We should not just be talking about the Sahel, but also about Benin and Togo, where militants have ventured inland by more than 200 kilometers.”

International Response: Limited but Crucial Support

In response to the escalating threat, the United States and European nations are intensifying efforts to bolster counterterrorism initiatives in West Africa’s coastal nations. Michael Langley, the head of U.S. Africa Command, indicated that Washington was working closely with Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Benin to recalibrate military assistance in the region.

Still, a significant challenge remains: access to accurate information. The military juntas have imposed severe restrictions on journalism, controlling the narrative and determining who is labeled a jihadist. In Mali, the government has branded ethnic Tuaregs—who have long fought for greater autonomy—as jihadis, even though only a portion of them are aligned with extremist groups.

As the Sahel grapples with increasing violence and political fragility, the international community faces the daunting task of supporting fragile governments while combatting the proliferation of extremist groups. With growing instability extending beyond the region’s borders, the consequences of the Sahel crisis may soon be felt across West Africa and beyond. Whether regional and global powers can prevent further destabilization remains uncertain, as extremist groups continue to exploit the vast and vulnerable terrain of the Sahel.

Terrorism

Landmine Explosion Kills 13 Puntland Soldiers in Counter-Terrorism Mission

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Deadly Attack by ISIS Highlights Growing Threat in Bari Region

At least 13 Puntland soldiers lost their lives, and over seven others sustained injuries on Monday in a deadly landmine explosion in Somalia’s Bari region. The explosion struck an army vehicle carrying Puntland forces engaged in a counter-terrorism mission targeting ISIS militants in the Habley area.

Military officials confirmed that the attack was orchestrated by ISIS, using a roadside mine to devastate the convoy. Some of the injured later succumbed to their wounds, raising the death toll and leaving a grim reminder of the dangers facing Puntland forces in their ongoing fight against extremism.

The attack occurred just days after Puntland officials visited Tasjiic, a nearby area, to rally community support for the military campaign. Officials appealed for livestock donations to bolster troop morale and reinforce efforts to dismantle ISIS strongholds in the mountainous Bari region.

Puntland’s forces have been waging a protracted battle to root out ISIS militants entrenched in remote and rugged terrain, which provides a natural fortress for insurgent activities. The Habley explosion underscores the mounting challenges these forces face, with ISIS employing increasingly lethal tactics to thwart the government’s operations.

The incident is a stark reminder of the human cost of Puntland’s campaign to neutralize ISIS militants and secure stability in the region. As the conflict intensifies, the local government faces growing pressure to adapt its strategy and enhance protections for its security personnel while maintaining the support of affected communities.

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Terrorism

Puntland Forces Strike Major Daesh Strongholds in Bari Region

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Eight Daesh bases destroyed, drones downed in intense operations targeting militants in the Al-Miskaad mountains.

Puntland’s defense forces have launched a decisive offensive against Daesh militants in the Al-Miskaad mountains of the Bari region, dismantling critical strongholds and disrupting operations in the area. The operation, which targets militant positions, underscores Puntland’s commitment to eradicating extremist groups entrenched in its territory.

The Puntland Marine Police Force (PMPF) announced the destruction of at least eight key Daesh command centers and bases across strategic locations, including streams and mountainous regions such as Lugele, Dhabanacado, Il-Ameyro, Hoobato, Tagtag, and Baal-Gorey. These areas have long served as fortified hubs for extremist activity, complicating counterterrorism efforts in the region.

In a significant development, Puntland forces also shot down drones reportedly used by Daesh for reconnaissance and operational planning. Images of the downed drones, described as spy aircraft, highlight the group’s increasing reliance on technology to bolster its activities.

The operation yielded additional gains, with Puntland forces recovering weapons and ammunition abandoned by retreating militants. However, the situation remains volatile, with opposing movements and clashes continuing in key locations such as the Toga Il-Ameyro area.

Puntland’s campaign to liberate the mountainous Bari region reflects a broader strategy to reclaim territories controlled by extremist groups. These efforts are critical in addressing the persistent security threats posed by Daesh and ensuring stability in the region.

The success of this offensive will be closely monitored as Puntland seeks to dismantle Daesh’s operational network and prevent the group from regrouping in the strategically significant Al-Miskaad mountains.

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Terrorism

Puntland Leadership Under Fire Over ISIS Threat

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Minister Ali Yusuf Hoosh accuses Puntland President Deni of neglecting counterterrorism, enabling ISIS to strengthen its grip.

The Puntland administration has come under intense scrutiny for its perceived inability to address the escalating ISIS threat in the region. Somalia’s Federal Minister of Interior, Ali Yusuf Hoosh, has accused Puntland President Said Abdullahi Deni of neglecting the region’s security needs, allowing ISIS to entrench itself further in Puntland’s rugged Al Miskat Mountains since its foothold was established in 2015.

Minister Hoosh’s criticism follows the recent ISIS assault on a military base in Dharjaale, which left scores of soldiers dead or injured, according to conflicting accounts from ISIS and Puntland authorities. The minister emphasized that Puntland’s leadership has failed to prioritize counterterrorism, instead pursuing policies that he claims are divisive and self-serving.

The Al Miskat Mountains have become a stronghold for ISIS, enabling the group to exploit Puntland’s strategic location for smuggling and extortion operations. The group’s activities now pose a significant threat to regional stability, raising concerns about the administration’s lack of a cohesive security strategy.

Minister Hoosh urged Puntland’s intellectuals and citizens to challenge the leadership’s trajectory and advocate for policies aligned with national unity and solidarity. His call for accountability also highlights the Somali federal government’s recent successes in governance and security, underscoring Puntland’s critical role in fostering political stability across Somalia.

As Puntland grapples with these challenges, its leadership faces mounting pressure to adopt effective counterterrorism measures and address the governance issues fueling discontent among its populace. The region’s response to these critiques will be pivotal in determining its ability to combat the persistent ISIS threat and restore public trust.

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Terrorism

Al-Shabab’s Financier Behind Westgate, Dusit Attacks Killed in Somalia

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U.S. confirms airstrike that eliminated Mohamed Mire, al-Shabaab’s key figure in financing and orchestrating attacks in Kenya and Somalia.

Mohamed Mire, also known as Abu Abdirahman, a senior leader of al-Shabaab, has been confirmed dead following a U.S. airstrike near Quyno Barrow in Somalia. As the group’s finance chief during the infamous Westgate Mall and DusitD2 attacks, Mire was a pivotal figure in al-Shabaab’s operations over the last 15 years. His death represents a major setback for the militant group.

Mire played a key role in financing and planning attacks that left scores of civilians dead in Kenya. The Westgate Mall siege in 2013 claimed the lives of over 60 people, while the DusitD2 attack in 2019 resulted in 22 fatalities. Beyond Kenya, Mire was instrumental in maintaining al-Shabaab’s hold over territories in Somalia, overseeing financial networks and managing the group’s regional governance.

U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) has highlighted Mire’s extensive influence within al-Shabaab, describing him as one of the group’s longest-serving members and a central figure in its strategic operations. His role as head of al-Shabaab’s regions department, equivalent to an interior ministry, positioned him at the core of the group’s governance and military activities.

In recent years, Mire’s name has been a constant on sanctions lists and global terror designations. U.S. officials labeled him a global terrorist in 2022, citing his role in planning operations and financing al-Shabaab’s activities. Despite international efforts to curb his influence, Mire continued to facilitate the group’s activities, leveraging resources to sustain its insurgency against the Somali government.

The airstrike that eliminated Mire is part of an ongoing campaign by AFRICOM to degrade al-Shabaab’s capabilities. While the operation marks a significant victory against terrorism, the broader challenge of dismantling al-Shabaab’s network and mitigating its influence in East Africa remains.

Mire’s death underscores the international community’s commitment to counterterrorism in the region and highlights the ongoing efforts to bring stability to East Africa, even as al-Shabaab continues to pose a persistent threat.

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Analysis

Islamic State Claims Responsibility for Deadly Puntland Military Base Attack in Somalia

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Attack underscores the growing threat of ISIS in Somalia as the group evolves into a strategic hub for global jihadist operations.

The attack on a Puntland military base by the Islamic State group is a grim reminder of the evolving and escalating threat of extremism in Somalia. What was once a fringe faction in the Horn of Africa has transformed into a significant actor in the global jihadist network. This attack, involving suicide bombers and booby-trapped vehicles, reportedly killed 22 military personnel and injured many others, underscoring the growing capabilities of the group.

The Somali government has long focused its counterterrorism efforts on al-Shabaab, which dominates much of southern Somalia. However, the resurgence of ISIS in the mountainous terrains of Puntland, particularly under the leadership of Abdulqadir Mumin, signals a dangerous shift. Mumin, once a minor jihadist figure, has positioned ISIS-Somalia as a linchpin in the group’s global strategy. The influx of foreign fighters and a robust extortion-based revenue stream have bolstered their operations, enabling attacks of increasing scale and sophistication.

The attack highlights Puntland’s precarious position in Somalia’s security landscape. Known as a relatively stable region in comparison to southern areas plagued by al-Shabaab, Puntland’s stability is now being undermined by ISIS’s growing foothold. The group’s reliance on extortion to fund its operations has further exacerbated local grievances, with businesses forced into compliance under threat of violence. This economic stranglehold not only finances attacks but also undermines public trust in state security forces.

ISIS’s growing influence in Somalia is also emblematic of a broader trend: the decentralization of the Islamic State’s operations globally. As the group faced territorial losses in the Middle East, it turned to other regions to maintain its relevance. In Africa, Somalia has become a crucial node, linking operations across the continent. This role as a “nerve center” has made the Somali branch a priority for ISIS’s global leadership, a development that has dangerous implications for regional and international security.

The Somali government, along with international partners, must recalibrate its counterterrorism strategy to address the dual threat posed by al-Shabaab and ISIS. While military operations remain essential, they must be complemented by measures to weaken the group’s economic grip on local communities. Enhanced regional cooperation, particularly with Puntland’s leadership, and targeted efforts to disrupt ISIS’s funding streams are critical.

The attack also raises questions about the effectiveness of Somalia’s counterterrorism capabilities, especially in its northern regions. Despite reports of successfully repulsing the attack, the casualties highlight significant vulnerabilities in Puntland’s defenses. Strengthening these capabilities through international assistance and better coordination between regional and federal forces is essential to counter ISIS’s growing momentum.

As ISIS evolves in Somalia, the group poses not only a direct threat to the country but also to the broader Horn of Africa. If left unchecked, its influence could spill over into neighboring countries, further destabilizing an already fragile region. The attack on Puntland’s military base is not just an isolated incident but a stark warning of what lies ahead if the international community and Somali authorities fail to act decisively.

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Terrorism

10 Dead, Dozens Injured After Vehicle Plows Into Crowd in ‘Terrorist Attack’

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Suspect kills 10, injures dozens in a chilling New Year’s terrorist rampage on Bourbon Street.

The vibrant streets of New Orleans, packed with New Year’s revelers, were transformed into scenes of terror and tragedy early Wednesday morning. A pickup truck plowed into crowds on Bourbon Street, leaving at least 10 dead and dozens injured in what officials have classified as a terrorist attack.

This heinous act highlights the growing prevalence of vehicle-ramming attacks, a low-tech but devastating tactic increasingly favored by terrorists seeking to maximize casualties.

The suspect bypassed barricades and unleashed terror over a three-block stretch, firing indiscriminately into the crowd before engaging in a shootout with police. Two officers were wounded, but law enforcement neutralized the suspect. The use of improvised explosive devices around the scene further underscores the premeditated nature of the attack.

Authorities have not yet identified the assailant, but connections to ISIS are under investigation. The flag reportedly attached to the truck hints at ideological motivations, although its significance is still being determined.

Rising Threat of Low-Tech Terrorism

This attack underscores the persistent threat of low-tech terrorism, which has been a focal point for federal and local agencies. Vehicle ramming has become a recurring tactic, particularly during large-scale public gatherings, despite heightened security measures.

The FBI, leading the investigation, has warned about the potential for such attacks during high-profile events, a concern tragically realized on one of New Orleans’ busiest nights.

This incident raises pressing questions about urban security and counter-terrorism efforts in the United States. Despite being on high alert, the New Orleans Police Department was unable to prevent the carnage, even with significant reinforcements.

The attack also underscores the globalized nature of modern terrorism. If ISIS connections are confirmed, it will reignite debates about counter-terrorism strategies, intelligence sharing, and the effectiveness of measures aimed at preventing radicalization.

As New Orleans mourns the victims, the focus must shift to enhancing urban security against evolving threats. The incident is a stark reminder that even amidst celebrations, vigilance remains paramount.

The tragedy on Bourbon Street will undoubtedly leave a lasting impact on the city, its residents, and the broader national discourse on terrorism and public safety. While the immediate focus is on recovery and justice, long-term solutions must address the root causes and mechanisms that allow such attacks to occur.

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Terrorism

Puntland Deputy Speaker Survives ISIS Attack Amid Rising Threat

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Intense assault highlights growing danger of IS-Somalia as Puntland intensifies counterterrorism efforts.

Puntland Deputy Speaker Mohamed Shire Baari narrowly escaped a brazen attack by Islamic State militants in the Dharjaale area of Somalia’s Bari region. The ambush, involving a suicide bomber and heavily armed fighters, underscores the escalating threat posed by IS-Somalia as it expands its foothold in the region.

The attack unfolded Tuesday morning when a suicide explosion targeted Puntland forces led by Baari. This initial blast was followed by intense combat as militants engaged in close-quarters battle. Baari, in Dharjaale to organize anti-ISIS operations, emerged unscathed, but the attack inflicted casualties among Puntland forces. The exact toll remains unconfirmed.

Preliminary findings indicate that foreign fighters participated in the assault, with one detonating a suicide vest while others launched a coordinated attack on Puntland forces. However, the militants were ultimately neutralized, demonstrating Puntland’s capacity to respond swiftly to such threats.

This attack highlights the growing menace of IS-Somalia, whose estimated 600-700 fighters have been bolstered by an influx of foreign operatives, as noted in a November 2024 United Nations report. The group has capitalized on Puntland’s rugged Alimiskat mountains, establishing the area as a stronghold and staging ground for operations.

Puntland state leaders have ramped up their counterterrorism campaign, with large-scale offensives targeting IS-Somalia’s bases. These efforts are critical to dismantling the group’s infrastructure, but the latest attack shows the enduring challenges posed by insurgents capable of sophisticated and coordinated strikes.

The resurgence of ISIS in Somalia not only threatens Puntland but also destabilizes the broader region. The group’s tactics—ranging from suicide bombings to guerrilla warfare—have sown fear and disrupted governance in Somalia’s northern territories. The attack on Baari serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need for sustained military action and international support to contain the group’s expansion.

As Puntland intensifies its counterterrorism operations, the success of these efforts will hinge on robust intelligence gathering, regional cooperation, and targeted offensives to dismantle IS-Somalia’s networks. The stakes are high, with the outcome of this campaign likely to shape the region’s security landscape in the years ahead.

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Terrorism

U.S. Drone Strike Eliminates Al-Shabab Commander in Somalia

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Mohamed Mire, head of Al-Shabab’s regions department, killed in coordinated strike with Somali government.

A U.S.-led drone strike in Somalia has eliminated Mohamed Mire, a senior Al-Shabab commander and the head of the group’s regions department, often likened to an interior ministry. The strike, conducted in coordination with Somali government forces, marks a significant blow to the militant group’s leadership as part of ongoing counterterrorism efforts in East Africa.

AFRICOM confirmed the operation, which took place on December 24 near Kunyo Barrow in the Lower Shabelle Region. According to U.S. officials, the airstrike killed two militants, with no reported civilian casualties. Somali authorities described the operation as “well-planned” and a culmination of joint efforts to neutralize Mire, who was traveling from Jilib to Kunyo Barrow when targeted.

Mire’s role within Al-Shabab was pivotal. As the head of the regions department, he oversaw critical operations and strategic decision-making. U.S. officials had designated him a global terrorist in October 2022, linking him to the group’s governance structures and numerous attacks across Somalia.

The drone strike highlights the ongoing collaboration between AFRICOM and Somali government forces to degrade Al-Shabab’s operational capacity. AFRICOM’s statement reiterated its commitment to training, advising, and equipping Somali partner forces to counter the persistent threat posed by the militant group.

Mire’s death is a part of broader efforts to dismantle Al-Shabab’s leadership. In July, Somalia’s anti-money laundering committee sanctioned Mire and seven other commanders, targeting their financial networks and operational capabilities.

Al-Shabab has long been a destabilizing force in East Africa, orchestrating attacks both within Somalia and across the region. The group’s resilience is partly attributed to its hierarchical structure, which allows for continuity despite leadership losses. However, the elimination of key figures like Mire disrupts its governance and operational efficiency.

The strike also underscores the strategic importance of continued international collaboration in Somalia. As AFRICOM and Somali forces intensify their efforts, the group faces mounting pressure, though its ability to regroup and retaliate remains a challenge.

The death of Mohamed Mire marks a tactical victory in the fight against Al-Shabab, emphasizing the efficacy of U.S.-Somali coordination in counterterrorism efforts. As operations against the group continue, this strike sends a clear message that key leaders remain high-value targets in the ongoing campaign to stabilize Somalia and East Africa.

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