Opportunities and Challenges Amid Internal Conflicts and Regional Crises.

By: Mahad Ahmed
Security Specialist

Somaliland’s appointment of its first National Security Advisor (NSA) marks a pivotal moment in its governance and security evolution. This move underscores the nation’s commitment to addressing both internal conflicts and external pressures in the volatile Horn of Africa. Against the backdrop of disputes in Sool and Sanaag, and broader crises in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, the NSA’s role is poised to redefine Somaliland’s security strategy and diplomatic posture.

Addressing Internal Conflict: Bridging Gaps in Stability

While Somaliland has maintained a reputation for relative stability compared to Somalia, the eastern regions of Sool and Sanaag remain flashpoints of unrest. Clan rivalries and territorial disputes fuel these tensions, often exacerbated by weak governance structures and limited security presence. The NSA’s primary mission lies in crafting a comprehensive security strategy that transcends traditional military responses.

By emphasizing community engagement and fostering dialogue with local leaders, the NSA can work to resolve longstanding grievances and resource disputes. This holistic approach aims not only to quell immediate violence but to build enduring stability through trust and reconciliation. Successful initiatives here could serve as a model for Somaliland’s broader governance framework, bridging divides and fostering national unity.

Opportunities for Consolidated Governance and Security

The establishment of the NSA role opens a path for enhanced governance and conflict resolution. With a centralized figure leading national security, Somaliland can streamline coordination among its security forces, local administrations, and civil society groups. This whole-of-government approach ensures policies are contextually relevant and effectively address the root causes of conflict.

International partnerships also offer significant opportunities. Engaging with global allies and organizations can bring vital resources and expertise to Somaliland’s peacebuilding efforts. For instance, securing funding for development projects targeting socio-economic inequalities in conflict-prone areas could mitigate unrest and promote sustainable peace.

Navigating Regional Crises in the Horn of Africa

The geopolitical volatility of the Horn of Africa presents additional complexities for Somaliland. Regional threats, including piracy, Houthi aggression, and the strategic maneuvers of global powers, demand a nuanced and adaptive security strategy.

Somaliland’s NSA will play a crucial role in aligning national interests with regional dynamics. Diplomatic engagement with foreign military actors operating in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden will be essential to ensure their activities support, rather than undermine, Somaliland’s sovereignty and security objectives. Collaborative intelligence-sharing agreements with international partners can also bolster Somaliland’s capacity to counter extremism and prevent cross-border violence from destabilizing its territories.

Challenges in Implementation: Resource and Political Constraints

Despite these opportunities, significant challenges lie ahead. Limited financial and material resources constrain Somaliland’s ability to field adequately trained and equipped security forces. Addressing these gaps will be critical to the NSA’s success in both managing internal conflicts and safeguarding against regional threats.

Internal political dynamics pose additional hurdles. Clan-based divisions and competing interests can hinder consensus on security priorities. The NSA must navigate these sensitivities with diplomacy and tact, fostering trust among stakeholders while building a unified approach to governance and security.

Balancing immediate security needs with long-term development goals adds another layer of complexity. While addressing violence in regions like Sool and Sanaag is urgent, sustainable peace requires investments in socio-economic initiatives that tackle the root causes of instability. The NSA’s mandate must therefore integrate security with development to achieve holistic progress.

A Crucial Role in Somaliland’s Aspirations

The NSA’s role is not just a response to immediate crises but a cornerstone of Somaliland’s vision for stability and self-determination. Success in addressing internal conflicts and regional challenges will enhance Somaliland’s governance credibility and strengthen its case for international recognition. By demonstrating resilience and proactive leadership in a complex geopolitical environment, Somaliland can solidify its position as a beacon of stability in the Horn of Africa.

As Somaliland embarks on this transformative journey, the NSA’s effectiveness will shape not only the country’s security landscape but also its aspirations for peace, development, and global standing.

Somaliland, located in the Horn of Africa, has declared its independence from United Kingdom on 26 Jun 1960, Somaliland is a neighbor of Somalia, a state often marred by political instability and conflict. This article seeks to articulate the historical context surrounding Somaliland’s quest for independence, highlighting the differences between Somaliland and Somalia, and arguing for the recognition of Somaliland as a sovereign state.

Historical Context of Somaliland and Somalia

Somalia’s journey to independence is often celebrated on July 1, 1960, the day it emerged as a unified republic from colonial rule. However, a critical examination reveals that this independence was not a unilateral achievement but rather a culmination of earlier political developments. On 26 June 1960, Somaliland became an independent and sovereign stat and Restoration of sovereignty 18 May 1991. Just five days later, on July 1, that newly independent Somaliland was merged with the southern regions, formerly under Italian administration.

This transition from being a British protectorate to joining Southern Somalia was not the seamless union often portrayed. The political machinations of the time obscured the distinct identities and aspirations of the regions involved. In fact, Somaliland’s independence predates Somalia’s by five days, raising essential questions about the legitimacy of Somalia’s claim to ownership over the notion of Somali unity.

UN Membership and the Legitimacy Debate

Upon gaining independence on July 1, Somalia quickly sought membership in the United Nations, with its application formally submitted under the name “Republic of Somalia.” This was supported by resolutions from the United Nations General Assembly, notably Resolution A/RES/1479(XV) on September 20, 1960, granting Somalia full UN membership.

However, the legitimacy of this membership is contested by proponents of Somaliland’s independence. They argue that Somalia’s claims to independence and UN membership do not include or reflect Somaliland’s status. The foundational documents and international resolutions reveal that while Somalia was granted independence, it did not obtain it in a manner that negated Somaliland’s prior sovereignty.

The Distinct Identity of Somaliland

Somaliland has established a governmental structure, a distinct identity, and a functioning economy since declaring back its independence from Somalia in 1991, following the collapse of the Somali central government. Unlike Somalia, which has struggled with civil war, terrorism, and political disarray, Somaliland enjoys relative peace and stability. This reality has fostered a sense of national identity among Somalilanders that stands apart from the chaos in Somalia.

The Modern Reality of Somaliland

While Somaliland operates as a independent state, it lacks formal recognition from the international community. This absence of recognition stifles its political and economic potential, limiting access to international financial institutions and aid. Nevertheless, Somaliland continues to build its institutions and develop its economy, striving for the legitimacy that comes with international recognition.

The argument for recognizing Somaliland is bolstered by its peaceful governance, structured legal system, and commitment to democratic principles, as evidenced by its regular elections. These characteristics starkly contrast with the ongoing turmoil in Somalia, reinforcing the notion that Somaliland functions effectively as a separate country.

The Legal Perspective on Celibacy and Recognition

The debate surrounding Somaliland’s status hinges on legal perceptions of statehood and independence. While Somalia claims a historical union based on post-independence transitions, it is crucial to recognize that Somaliland’s prior independence on June 26, 1960, creates a different narrative. The argument for shared independence lacks legal validity, as these regions were two distinct political entities before their temporary union.

Moreover, Somaliland maintains that its struggle for recognition is not a call to irrevocably sever ties with Somalia, but rather a quest for acknowledgment of its unique sovereignty. This perspective aligns with international norms regarding self-determination and the rights of peoples to govern themselves.

Conclusion

The case for Somaliland’s independence rests on historical context, legal arguments, and the contrasting realities of governance compared to Somalia. Recognizing Somaliland as an independent state is not merely an act of political support; it is an acknowledgment of historical truths and the assertion of the rights of its people to self-determination. As the international community reassesses its stance on Somaliland, it must consider the historical injustices and the current realities that distinguish Somaliland from Somalia.

The world must recognize that Somaliland is not Somalia, and it deserves its rightful place on the global stage.

BY; Abdullahi Ahmed Heef

How Somaliland’s Quest for International Status Challenges Existing Norms and Agreements

Advice to the Government of Somaliland Regarding International Relations and Security

By Mahad Ahmed
Maritime Security Specialist

The unrecognized yet ambitious Republic of Somaliland is quietly setting a precedent in maritime security and global economic diplomacy. As the world grapples with increasing geopolitical tensions, Somaliland’s inclusive approach—engaging powers like the USA, China, Russia, and the UAE—offers a blueprint for nations navigating the turbulent waters of modern geopolitics.

This strategy is more than a survival mechanism; it is a bold declaration of Somaliland’s sovereignty and its rightful place in the global community. Somaliland is not just safeguarding its own interests but demonstrating how small states can build strategic alliances to achieve both security and economic prosperity in the face of adversity.

The Gulf of Aden’s Overlooked Player

The Gulf of Aden is a lifeline for global trade, but it is also one of the most volatile maritime corridors in the world. Rampant piracy, illegal fishing, and regional conflicts threaten this vital artery, and despite years of international naval patrols, stability remains elusive.

Amid these challenges, Somaliland has emerged as a key player, leveraging its strategic location to address maritime insecurity head-on. Unlike Somalia, whose instability has long been a focal point of international intervention, Somaliland has managed to maintain peace and establish functional governance. Yet, despite this achievement, Somaliland remains excluded from formal international recognition—a glaring oversight that undermines global efforts to secure the region.

Somaliland’s maritime security strategy is both pragmatic and inclusive. It works with global powers not just to protect its waters but to ensure safe passage for international shipping. In doing so, Somaliland has positioned itself as an indispensable partner in the collective fight against piracy and maritime crime.

Building Partnerships in a Fractured World

Somaliland’s engagement with major global players is a masterclass in diplomacy. While many nations struggle to balance relationships with competing powers, Somaliland has skillfully partnered with the USA, China, Russia, and the UAE, avoiding overdependence on any single actor.

The United States sees Somaliland as a critical ally in counterterrorism and maritime security, aligning with its broader strategy for the Horn of Africa. This partnership underscores the importance of Somaliland’s stability as a bulwark against extremism in the region.

China’s Belt and Road Initiative has drawn Somaliland into its orbit, particularly through investments in port development. The Port of Berbera, developed with significant Chinese input, is now a key logistics hub that serves both Somaliland and neighboring landlocked nations like Ethiopia.

Russia, meanwhile, views Somaliland as a gateway for re-establishing its influence in Africa. Military cooperation and arms trade offer Somaliland opportunities to diversify its defense partnerships while reducing dependence on Western nations.

The UAE has perhaps been Somaliland’s most active partner, investing heavily in port facilities and infrastructure. By facilitating the expansion of the Port of Berbera, the UAE has bolstered Somaliland’s economic prospects while securing its own maritime trade routes.

This ability to collaborate with rival powers is a lesson in pragmatism. Somaliland understands that its survival and success depend on balanced relationships—not ideological allegiances.

Beyond Security: Economic Growth as a Strategic Imperative

Somaliland’s focus on maritime security is not an end in itself; it is the foundation for economic development. The Port of Berbera is at the heart of this strategy, serving as a gateway for regional trade. By transforming Berbera into a modern logistics hub, Somaliland is not only enhancing its own economy but also providing landlocked neighbors like Ethiopia with access to international markets.

Economic diversification is equally critical. Somaliland’s government has prioritized foreign investment and is working to develop industries like agriculture, fisheries, and tourism. These initiatives are essential for long-term resilience, especially as global competition for resources intensifies.

However, Somaliland’s ambitions cannot be fully realized without international recognition. Lack of formal status limits its ability to access global financial institutions and secure long-term development partnerships. This is a challenge the international community must urgently address.

International Community

The international community has much to learn from Somaliland’s holistic approach to security and economic cooperation. By engaging with global powers pragmatically and inclusively, Somaliland is charting a path that small states in volatile regions can emulate.

But Somaliland cannot—and should not—do this alone. Global powers that have benefited from Somaliland’s strategic location and stability must do more to support its efforts. Recognition of Somaliland’s sovereignty is no longer just a moral imperative; it is a strategic necessity for ensuring stability in the Horn of Africa and beyond.

Somaliland’s journey is a testament to the power of vision and diplomacy. It is time for the world to reward its efforts with recognition and meaningful partnerships that reflect its critical role in regional and global security.

The recent announcement of Somaliland’s presidential election and the exclusion of Faisal Ali Warabe from the race has drawn both reflection and debate. Coupled with the UCID Party’s loss of national status, this development may seem like a setback for one of Somaliland’s most steadfast political figures. However, it underscores a larger truth: leadership is not bound by titles or political victories but by an enduring commitment to principles and the pursuit of transformative ideals.

Faisal Ali Warabe’s journey in Somaliland’s political sphere has always transcended personal ambition. His vision is deeply rooted in the dream of a free, independent, and prosperous Somaliland—a nation defined by justice, unity, and integrity. In an era where political maneuvering often overshadows ideology, Faisal has stood as a bastion of principles, unshaken by adversity or the allure of power.

A Statesman Beyond Political Office

History offers numerous examples of leaders who shaped nations without holding formal political power. Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Václav Havel are celebrated not for titles but for their courage to stand by their convictions. Faisal Ali Warabe’s role in Somaliland echoes this tradition. His unwavering integrity and commitment to African socialism as a tool for eradicating poverty highlight his dedication to a fair and equitable society.

Faisal’s approach to politics is both unique and revolutionary in Somaliland. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he has consistently refused to exploit clannish loyalties or engage in corrupt practices. In a political environment often marred by nepotism and bribery, Faisal’s record remains unblemished—a testament to his moral fortitude.

A Guardian of Somaliland’s Democracy

Throughout his career, Faisal has served as a vital voice in Somaliland’s democratic evolution. His critiques—measured and constructive—have held governments and opposition parties accountable, steering the political discourse towards the nation’s collective welfare. His work in bridging divides and championing cultural institutions has reinforced the stability of Somaliland’s governance, ensuring that tradition and progress coexist harmoniously.

Even in the absence of a candidacy or political platform, Faisal’s influence is indispensable. As the architect of Somaliland socialism, he continues to inspire movements grounded in ideology rather than opportunism. His vision remains a guiding force for those who believe in a united Somaliland that prioritizes the welfare of its people.

A Legacy That Transcends Electoral Cycles

Faisal Ali Warabe’s exclusion from the upcoming elections should not be seen as a defeat but as a transformation of his role in Somaliland’s political journey. Leadership, as he embodies it, transcends the confines of office. His ideals—integrity, justice, and unwavering commitment to Somaliland’s independence—form a legacy that will endure far beyond the current electoral cycle.

For his supporters, this moment calls for renewed resolve. Faisal’s mission is far from over; his principles continue to serve as a foundation for Somaliland’s progress. To his critics, his resilience is a reminder that true leadership cannot be extinguished by political setbacks.

A Path Forward for Somaliland

As Somaliland navigates its political future, Faisal Ali Warabe’s vision remains an indomitable force. His steadfast belief in a just and united Somaliland offers a roadmap for overcoming the challenges ahead. His exclusion from the presidential race, while significant, does not diminish the ideals he represents—ideals that are vital to the nation’s continued quest for recognition and prosperity.

Faisal is not vanquished. His spirit and vision endure, lighting the path for Somaliland to rise as a beacon of hope, integrity, and progress.

Long live Somaliland, and long live the ideals of Faisal Ali Warabe.

Ahmed Aideed – A Loyal Supporter of Faisal Ali Warabe

Somaliland’s quest for recognition and rights to enter into international agreements is not merely a legal formality; it is a rightful assertion of its distinct identity and governance, rooted deeply in the principles of self-determination and international law. As an entity that has governed itself since restored its  independence on May 18, 1991, Somaliland has demonstrated not only its capability for self-governance but also its commitment to peace and stability in a region fraught with challenges. Somaliland is not a remnant of Somalia; it is an independent entity that has carved out a significant narrative of resilience and sovereignty.

Historically, Somaliland operated as the British Somaliland Protectorate, distinct from the Italian colonies that formed modern Somalia. This nuanced colonial history, coupled with Somaliland’s initial independence on June 26, 1960, underscores its legitimate claim to statehood. Unlike the hasty merger with Somalia that followed, which lacked the necessary legal frameworks—no parliamentary approval, no binding international agreements, and no ensuing endorsement by the global community—Somaliland’s historical and legal paths toward sovereignty are clear and compelling.

In an increasingly interconnected world, the importance of international agreements cannot be overstated, and Somaliland’s ability to enter these agreements is not just a political maneuver; it is a recognition of its existence as a state by others, an affirmation of its rights, and a testament to its capability and willingness to engage peacefully on the global stage. Somaliland has proactively engaged in agreements with nations like the United Kingdom, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates. These are not merely transactional; they signify trust and recognition in Somaliland’s governance and stability. Moreover, the agreements serve international interests by promoting security, trade, and development in a region often marked by turbulence.

The principles outlined in the Montevideo Convention of 1933 stipulate the criteria for statehood—permanent population, defined territory, a functioning government, and the capacity to engage in relations with other states—are all criteria that Somaliland meets. With a robust government that has demonstrated its efficacy in providing for its citizens, maintaining law and order, and fostering economic development, Somaliland has shown it is more than capable of fulfilling the responsibilities that come with sovereignty.

Given its historical context and legal status, Somaliland firmly stands on solid ground. The international community has recognized that the union with Somalia is fraught with unresolved issues, establishing that Somaliland’s aspirations for recognition derive from a historical right and ongoing legitimacy, rather than a mere desire to exit a dysfunctional political arrangement. Furthermore, the claims by Somalia lack substantiation due to the absence of an official agreement ratified by legitimate authorities, which only strengthens Somaliland’s position.

International consensus continues to grow. The 2005 African Union’s fact-finding mission acknowledged Somaliland’s unique status and highlighted its contributions to peace and stability in the Horn of Africa. This recognition from a premier continental body serves as a reminder of Somaliland’s distinct identity and its legitimate aspirations.

The future of Somaliland’s participation in international agreements rests not only on legal frameworks and historical narratives but also on the genuine will of the international community to recognize its efforts to pursue a peaceful and prosperous existence separate from the chaos that has often enveloped its southern neighbor. Facilitating Somaliland’s access to international agreements is an investment in regional stability and a promotion of human rights and governance that reflects the will of the people.

Ultimately, Somaliland’s case is not simply about legal technicalities; it is about the affirmation of its people’s rights, the recognition of their sacrifices, and the validation of their aspirations. The international community should embrace Somaliland’s quest for recognition, as it stands as an example of resilience, governance, and the enduring spirit of a people determined to reclaim their identity on the world stage. By acknowledging Somaliland’s rights to enter into international agreements, the world will not only be honoring a historical claim but also endorsing a peaceful future for the region, paving the way for cooperation based on mutual respect and shared goals. Somaliland’s story is one of hope, determination, and the unwavering pursuit of dignity—a narrative that deserves to be recognized, celebrated, and supported by the international community.

By; Abdullahi Ahmed Heef

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Amid Explosions and Controversy, Somali Women Defy Odds in Groundbreaking Beauty Pageant

On a night when most of Somalia tuned in to the Euro football final, a very different kind of spectacle unfolded at Mogadishu’s Elite Hotel. Hundreds gathered to witness the Miss Somalia pageant, a daring celebration of beauty and resilience in one of the world’s most dangerous places to be a woman. Just a kilometer away, the grim reality of Somali life was underscored by a car bomb explosion that killed five and injured twenty. The militant group al-Shabab, notorious for its reign of terror over Somalia, claimed responsibility for the attack.

The juxtaposition of a beauty pageant with such violence highlights the schizophrenic nature of life in Somalia. While pageant contestants paraded in glamorous gowns, the nearby explosion shattered the night, a stark reminder of the pervasive threat of terrorism. This contrast paints a vivid picture of a nation grappling with its identity and future.

Hani Abdi Gas, founded the competition in 2021. In a country where Islamist militants and conservative traditions dominate, her initiative is nothing short of revolutionary. Gas, who grew up in the Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya before returning to Somalia in 2020, sees the pageant as more than a beauty contest. It’s a platform for lifting women’s voices, fostering unity, and empowering Somali women.

Gas believes that Somalia, long deemed one of the worst places to be a woman, is ready to join the rest of the world in celebrating female beauty and aspiration. “I want to celebrate the aspirations of women from diverse backgrounds, build their confidence, and give them a chance to showcase Somali culture worldwide,” she said.

This year’s contestants reflected this diversity. Among them was a policewoman, a powerful symbol of women breaking barriers in a traditionally male-dominated society. However, not everyone was pleased. Many Somalis view beauty pageants as affronts to their culture and religion. Clan leader Ahmed Abdi Halane expressed disgust, saying, “Such things are against our culture and our religion. If a girl wears tight clothes and appears on stage, it will bring shame upon her family and her clan. Women are supposed to stay at home and wear modest clothes.”

Some women also oppose the pageant. Sabrina, a student, criticized the contestants for appearing in public without covering their necks, saying, “It is good to support the Somali youth but not in ways that conflict with our religion.”

Despite these criticisms, the pageant proceeded with its vibrant display of Somali culture. Aisha Ikow, a 24-year-old university student and make-up artist, was crowned Miss Somalia, taking home a $1,000 prize. Ikow, representing South-West state, vowed to use her platform to combat early marriage and promote girls’ education. “The competition celebrates Somali culture and beauty while shaping a brighter future for women,” she said.

The judging panel, which included Miss Somalia 2022 and a representative from the Ministry of Youth, found it hard to choose a winner. They assessed contestants on physical beauty, public speaking, and stage presence. An online vote, costing $1 per vote, funded the event and future international pageant participation.

The glitzy event in a luxury hotel contrasted sharply with the harsh realities faced by most Somali women. Four million Somalis, a quarter of the population, are internally displaced, with up to 80% being women. The UN ranks Somalia near the bottom on the Gender Inequality Index, with alarming rates of gender-based violence and female genital mutilation. Traditional practices still dictate that a rapist must marry his victim, and legal protections for women are severely lacking.

Despite these challenges, the Miss Somalia pageant signifies a slow but significant change. The fact that such an event could be held in Mogadishu, even amid nearby violence, indicates a shift in societal attitudes and an improvement in security.

The crowd at the Elite Hotel stayed until the early hours, undeterred by the attack’s proximity. They were engrossed in the pageant, the sound of the explosion drowned out by the waves crashing on the nearby beach.

In a nation torn by conflict and conservative values, the Miss Somalia pageant stands as a beacon of hope. It is a testament to the resilience of Somali women and their determination to carve out spaces of empowerment and celebration. As Somalia continues to navigate its complex identity, events like these are crucial in shaping a more inclusive and progressive future.

Kiin Hassan Fakat, reporting with Bilan Media, and Mary Harper, author of two books on Somalia, provide a lens into this transformative moment, capturing the courage and aspirations of Somali women amidst a backdrop of turmoil.