The International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants on Thursday for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, former Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, and Hamas military chief Muhammad Deif, accusing them of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The charges stem from the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict, which erupted following Hamas’ October 7, 2023, attack on Israel.
Netanyahu and Gallant are accused of using starvation as a method of warfare, alongside crimes against humanity including murder and persecution. The ICC said these alleged crimes occurred between October 8, 2023, and May 20, 2024.
Israel, which is not a member of the ICC, has rejected the charges. Netanyahu called the allegations “absurd and false,” maintaining that Israel’s military campaign in Gaza is a legitimate act of self-defense against Hamas. Gallant, recently dismissed by Netanyahu, has yet to issue a formal response.
While the ICC lacks jurisdiction over Israel directly, the arrest warrants could complicate international travel for Netanyahu and Gallant, as ICC member states are obligated to enforce such warrants.
Hamas military leader Muhammad Deif faces charges of crimes against humanity, including murder, hostage-taking, and sexual violence. These charges relate to Hamas’ October 7 assault, which killed approximately 1,200 people, including 46 U.S. citizens, and resulted in the abduction of about 250 hostages. Hamas is designated a terrorist organization by the United States, the European Union, and other Western nations.
Following Hamas’ attack, Israel launched an extensive military campaign in Gaza. According to the Gaza health ministry, about 44,000 people have been killed, over half of them reportedly women and children. The figures have not been independently verified, and the death toll includes both combatants and civilians.
The ICC prosecutor, Karim Khan, described the charges as part of the court’s mandate to hold accountable those responsible for atrocities, regardless of their political or military status.
The arrest warrants underscore the ICC’s attempt to address alleged violations on both sides of the conflict. However, the court’s jurisdictional limitations and the political sensitivities surrounding the Israel-Palestine issue are likely to provoke significant international debate.
While the ICC warrants have no immediate enforcement mechanism against Netanyahu, Gallant, or Deif, they mark a symbolic moment in international law, reflecting growing scrutiny of the conduct in one of the world’s most volatile conflicts.
