Somaliland, located in the Horn of Africa, has declared its independence from United Kingdom on 26 Jun 1960, Somaliland is a neighbor of Somalia, a state often marred by political instability and conflict. This article seeks to articulate the historical context surrounding Somaliland’s quest for independence, highlighting the differences between Somaliland and Somalia, and arguing for the recognition of Somaliland as a sovereign state.

Historical Context of Somaliland and Somalia

Somalia’s journey to independence is often celebrated on July 1, 1960, the day it emerged as a unified republic from colonial rule. However, a critical examination reveals that this independence was not a unilateral achievement but rather a culmination of earlier political developments. On 26 June 1960, Somaliland became an independent and sovereign stat and Restoration of sovereignty 18 May 1991. Just five days later, on July 1, that newly independent Somaliland was merged with the southern regions, formerly under Italian administration.

This transition from being a British protectorate to joining Southern Somalia was not the seamless union often portrayed. The political machinations of the time obscured the distinct identities and aspirations of the regions involved. In fact, Somaliland’s independence predates Somalia’s by five days, raising essential questions about the legitimacy of Somalia’s claim to ownership over the notion of Somali unity.

UN Membership and the Legitimacy Debate

Upon gaining independence on July 1, Somalia quickly sought membership in the United Nations, with its application formally submitted under the name “Republic of Somalia.” This was supported by resolutions from the United Nations General Assembly, notably Resolution A/RES/1479(XV) on September 20, 1960, granting Somalia full UN membership.

However, the legitimacy of this membership is contested by proponents of Somaliland’s independence. They argue that Somalia’s claims to independence and UN membership do not include or reflect Somaliland’s status. The foundational documents and international resolutions reveal that while Somalia was granted independence, it did not obtain it in a manner that negated Somaliland’s prior sovereignty.

The Distinct Identity of Somaliland

Somaliland has established a governmental structure, a distinct identity, and a functioning economy since declaring back its independence from Somalia in 1991, following the collapse of the Somali central government. Unlike Somalia, which has struggled with civil war, terrorism, and political disarray, Somaliland enjoys relative peace and stability. This reality has fostered a sense of national identity among Somalilanders that stands apart from the chaos in Somalia.

The Modern Reality of Somaliland

While Somaliland operates as a independent state, it lacks formal recognition from the international community. This absence of recognition stifles its political and economic potential, limiting access to international financial institutions and aid. Nevertheless, Somaliland continues to build its institutions and develop its economy, striving for the legitimacy that comes with international recognition.

The argument for recognizing Somaliland is bolstered by its peaceful governance, structured legal system, and commitment to democratic principles, as evidenced by its regular elections. These characteristics starkly contrast with the ongoing turmoil in Somalia, reinforcing the notion that Somaliland functions effectively as a separate country.

The Legal Perspective on Celibacy and Recognition

The debate surrounding Somaliland’s status hinges on legal perceptions of statehood and independence. While Somalia claims a historical union based on post-independence transitions, it is crucial to recognize that Somaliland’s prior independence on June 26, 1960, creates a different narrative. The argument for shared independence lacks legal validity, as these regions were two distinct political entities before their temporary union.

Moreover, Somaliland maintains that its struggle for recognition is not a call to irrevocably sever ties with Somalia, but rather a quest for acknowledgment of its unique sovereignty. This perspective aligns with international norms regarding self-determination and the rights of peoples to govern themselves.

Conclusion

The case for Somaliland’s independence rests on historical context, legal arguments, and the contrasting realities of governance compared to Somalia. Recognizing Somaliland as an independent state is not merely an act of political support; it is an acknowledgment of historical truths and the assertion of the rights of its people to self-determination. As the international community reassesses its stance on Somaliland, it must consider the historical injustices and the current realities that distinguish Somaliland from Somalia.

The world must recognize that Somaliland is not Somalia, and it deserves its rightful place on the global stage.

BY; Abdullahi Ahmed Heef

How Somaliland’s Quest for International Status Challenges Existing Norms and Agreements

Advice to the Government of Somaliland Regarding International Relations and Security

By Mahad Ahmed
Maritime Security Specialist

The unrecognized yet ambitious Republic of Somaliland is quietly setting a precedent in maritime security and global economic diplomacy. As the world grapples with increasing geopolitical tensions, Somaliland’s inclusive approach—engaging powers like the USA, China, Russia, and the UAE—offers a blueprint for nations navigating the turbulent waters of modern geopolitics.

This strategy is more than a survival mechanism; it is a bold declaration of Somaliland’s sovereignty and its rightful place in the global community. Somaliland is not just safeguarding its own interests but demonstrating how small states can build strategic alliances to achieve both security and economic prosperity in the face of adversity.

The Gulf of Aden’s Overlooked Player

The Gulf of Aden is a lifeline for global trade, but it is also one of the most volatile maritime corridors in the world. Rampant piracy, illegal fishing, and regional conflicts threaten this vital artery, and despite years of international naval patrols, stability remains elusive.

Amid these challenges, Somaliland has emerged as a key player, leveraging its strategic location to address maritime insecurity head-on. Unlike Somalia, whose instability has long been a focal point of international intervention, Somaliland has managed to maintain peace and establish functional governance. Yet, despite this achievement, Somaliland remains excluded from formal international recognition—a glaring oversight that undermines global efforts to secure the region.

Somaliland’s maritime security strategy is both pragmatic and inclusive. It works with global powers not just to protect its waters but to ensure safe passage for international shipping. In doing so, Somaliland has positioned itself as an indispensable partner in the collective fight against piracy and maritime crime.

Building Partnerships in a Fractured World

Somaliland’s engagement with major global players is a masterclass in diplomacy. While many nations struggle to balance relationships with competing powers, Somaliland has skillfully partnered with the USA, China, Russia, and the UAE, avoiding overdependence on any single actor.

The United States sees Somaliland as a critical ally in counterterrorism and maritime security, aligning with its broader strategy for the Horn of Africa. This partnership underscores the importance of Somaliland’s stability as a bulwark against extremism in the region.

China’s Belt and Road Initiative has drawn Somaliland into its orbit, particularly through investments in port development. The Port of Berbera, developed with significant Chinese input, is now a key logistics hub that serves both Somaliland and neighboring landlocked nations like Ethiopia.

Russia, meanwhile, views Somaliland as a gateway for re-establishing its influence in Africa. Military cooperation and arms trade offer Somaliland opportunities to diversify its defense partnerships while reducing dependence on Western nations.

The UAE has perhaps been Somaliland’s most active partner, investing heavily in port facilities and infrastructure. By facilitating the expansion of the Port of Berbera, the UAE has bolstered Somaliland’s economic prospects while securing its own maritime trade routes.

This ability to collaborate with rival powers is a lesson in pragmatism. Somaliland understands that its survival and success depend on balanced relationships—not ideological allegiances.

Beyond Security: Economic Growth as a Strategic Imperative

Somaliland’s focus on maritime security is not an end in itself; it is the foundation for economic development. The Port of Berbera is at the heart of this strategy, serving as a gateway for regional trade. By transforming Berbera into a modern logistics hub, Somaliland is not only enhancing its own economy but also providing landlocked neighbors like Ethiopia with access to international markets.

Economic diversification is equally critical. Somaliland’s government has prioritized foreign investment and is working to develop industries like agriculture, fisheries, and tourism. These initiatives are essential for long-term resilience, especially as global competition for resources intensifies.

However, Somaliland’s ambitions cannot be fully realized without international recognition. Lack of formal status limits its ability to access global financial institutions and secure long-term development partnerships. This is a challenge the international community must urgently address.

International Community

The international community has much to learn from Somaliland’s holistic approach to security and economic cooperation. By engaging with global powers pragmatically and inclusively, Somaliland is charting a path that small states in volatile regions can emulate.

But Somaliland cannot—and should not—do this alone. Global powers that have benefited from Somaliland’s strategic location and stability must do more to support its efforts. Recognition of Somaliland’s sovereignty is no longer just a moral imperative; it is a strategic necessity for ensuring stability in the Horn of Africa and beyond.

Somaliland’s journey is a testament to the power of vision and diplomacy. It is time for the world to reward its efforts with recognition and meaningful partnerships that reflect its critical role in regional and global security.

Somaliland’s quest for recognition and rights to enter into international agreements is not merely a legal formality; it is a rightful assertion of its distinct identity and governance, rooted deeply in the principles of self-determination and international law. As an entity that has governed itself since restored its  independence on May 18, 1991, Somaliland has demonstrated not only its capability for self-governance but also its commitment to peace and stability in a region fraught with challenges. Somaliland is not a remnant of Somalia; it is an independent entity that has carved out a significant narrative of resilience and sovereignty.

Historically, Somaliland operated as the British Somaliland Protectorate, distinct from the Italian colonies that formed modern Somalia. This nuanced colonial history, coupled with Somaliland’s initial independence on June 26, 1960, underscores its legitimate claim to statehood. Unlike the hasty merger with Somalia that followed, which lacked the necessary legal frameworks—no parliamentary approval, no binding international agreements, and no ensuing endorsement by the global community—Somaliland’s historical and legal paths toward sovereignty are clear and compelling.

In an increasingly interconnected world, the importance of international agreements cannot be overstated, and Somaliland’s ability to enter these agreements is not just a political maneuver; it is a recognition of its existence as a state by others, an affirmation of its rights, and a testament to its capability and willingness to engage peacefully on the global stage. Somaliland has proactively engaged in agreements with nations like the United Kingdom, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates. These are not merely transactional; they signify trust and recognition in Somaliland’s governance and stability. Moreover, the agreements serve international interests by promoting security, trade, and development in a region often marked by turbulence.

The principles outlined in the Montevideo Convention of 1933 stipulate the criteria for statehood—permanent population, defined territory, a functioning government, and the capacity to engage in relations with other states—are all criteria that Somaliland meets. With a robust government that has demonstrated its efficacy in providing for its citizens, maintaining law and order, and fostering economic development, Somaliland has shown it is more than capable of fulfilling the responsibilities that come with sovereignty.

Given its historical context and legal status, Somaliland firmly stands on solid ground. The international community has recognized that the union with Somalia is fraught with unresolved issues, establishing that Somaliland’s aspirations for recognition derive from a historical right and ongoing legitimacy, rather than a mere desire to exit a dysfunctional political arrangement. Furthermore, the claims by Somalia lack substantiation due to the absence of an official agreement ratified by legitimate authorities, which only strengthens Somaliland’s position.

International consensus continues to grow. The 2005 African Union’s fact-finding mission acknowledged Somaliland’s unique status and highlighted its contributions to peace and stability in the Horn of Africa. This recognition from a premier continental body serves as a reminder of Somaliland’s distinct identity and its legitimate aspirations.

The future of Somaliland’s participation in international agreements rests not only on legal frameworks and historical narratives but also on the genuine will of the international community to recognize its efforts to pursue a peaceful and prosperous existence separate from the chaos that has often enveloped its southern neighbor. Facilitating Somaliland’s access to international agreements is an investment in regional stability and a promotion of human rights and governance that reflects the will of the people.

Ultimately, Somaliland’s case is not simply about legal technicalities; it is about the affirmation of its people’s rights, the recognition of their sacrifices, and the validation of their aspirations. The international community should embrace Somaliland’s quest for recognition, as it stands as an example of resilience, governance, and the enduring spirit of a people determined to reclaim their identity on the world stage. By acknowledging Somaliland’s rights to enter into international agreements, the world will not only be honoring a historical claim but also endorsing a peaceful future for the region, paving the way for cooperation based on mutual respect and shared goals. Somaliland’s story is one of hope, determination, and the unwavering pursuit of dignity—a narrative that deserves to be recognized, celebrated, and supported by the international community.

By; Abdullahi Ahmed Heef

The Truth Behind Somalia’s Claim Over Somaliland

Exposing Hypocrisy: The West’s Opposition to Somaliland-Ethiopia MoU

Somaliland Welcomes Ethiopia’s New Ambassador

Ethiopia’s Rightful Access to the Sea: Embracing Historical Ties with Somaliland

Strengthening Regional Cooperation: Somaliland-Ethiopia MoU

Ethiopia and Somaliland’s $80 Billion Red Sea Port Agreement to Revolutionize Regional Trade

Somaliland Oil Discovery Offshore, Marking Major Milestone

“The Red Sea Crises: Environmental Oil Split and Economic Fallout from the Houthi Attack on the Oil Tanker MV Soundiodine” 

The Red Sea, a crucial maritime corridor linking the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, has been the site of numerous incidents threatening its environmental and economic stability. The most recent and severe of these was the attack on the oil tanker MV Soundiodine by Houthi rebels on August 21, 2024. This assault resulted in a catastrophic oil spill, inflicting significant harm on the marine environment, disrupting economic activities, and exacerbating regional tensions. This event underscores the inherent vulnerabilities of the region and the profound consequences of such aggressive actions.

The attack occurred near the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, a key waterway through which millions of barrels of oil are transported daily. The Houthis, a militant group originating from Yemen, have previously targeted Red Sea shipping routes amid their broader regional conflict. In this instance, a missile strike breached the hull of the MV Soundiodine, leading to a massive release of crude oil into the surrounding waters. The extent of the spill was considerable, with thousands of barrels of oil estimated to have been discharged, rapidly creating a vast slick across the sea.

The environmental repercussions of the MV Soundiodine spill have been severe. The Red Sea hosts diverse marine ecosystems, including coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds, all of which are highly sensitive to oil contamination. The spill has wreaked havoc on coral reefs, which are vital for marine biodiversity. The oil slick has covered extensive areas of reef, obstructing sunlight and diminishing oxygen levels crucial for coral health. Consequently, many coral colonies have sustained irreversible damage, leading to a dramatic loss of marine life dependent on these ecosystems.

Beyond coral reefs, the oil spill has had dire effects on various marine species. Fish populations, already under threat from overfishing and habitat loss, have been further devastated by the oil’s toxic impact. Disruption to breeding grounds and nursery areas has led to a decline in fish stocks, potentially jeopardizing the region’s fisheries for the long term. Seabirds, reliant on the coastal waters of the Red Sea for sustenance, have also suffered significantly. Oil-coated feathers have compromised their buoyancy and ability to regulate body temperature, resulting in hypothermia, drowning, and starvation. Marine mammals, including dolphins and dugongs, face increased risks of respiratory issues, skin lesions, and reproductive failures due to exposure to contaminated waters.

The spill has heavily impacted coastal areas in Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan. Oil has washed ashore, contaminating beaches, mangroves, and other sensitive coastal habitats. These areas play a crucial role in shoreline protection, marine life nursery grounds, and supporting local livelihoods. The contamination has led to the death of mangrove trees, essential for coastal stability and biodiversity, further diminishing the region’s ecological resilience.

Economically, the MV Soundiodine oil spill has had substantial repercussions for the Red Sea’s bordering countries and the global economy. The Red Sea is a vital route for oil and goods transportation, and any disruption has immediate global economic effects. The spill has necessitated the temporary closure of some shipping lanes, causing delays in oil and commodity deliveries. Increased uncertainty regarding the security of Red Sea shipping routes has driven up insurance premiums for vessels, escalating maritime transport costs. These disruptions have contributed to volatility in global oil markets, with prices fluctuating in response to fears of supply shortages.

The oil spill’s impact on local economies has been profound, particularly in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. A significant decline in tourism—a primary income source for these countries—has resulted from the oil contamination of beaches and coastal waters. Coastal resorts, once popular with millions of visitors, have seen a drastic drop in tourism, causing economic hardship and job losses in communities dependent on this industry. Similarly, the fishing industry, crucial for food and income in these coastal areas, has been severely affected, with declines in fish stocks and the closure of fishing areas.

The cleanup efforts for the MV Soundiodine spill have been both extensive and costly, with estimates reaching hundreds of millions of dollars. The complexity of the Red Sea’s marine and coastal environments has made the cleanup particularly challenging, especially in delicate habitats like coral reefs and mangroves. Recovery for the affected ecosystems may take years, if not decades. While the burden of cleanup costs falls on the affected countries, there are ongoing efforts to seek compensation from those responsible.

Geopolitically, the attack on the MV Soundiodine has significant implications. The Red Sea’s strategic importance has heightened tensions among regional powers, such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Egypt, as well as global powers including the United States and China. Calls for increased security measures, including proposals for a larger military presence, have emerged to protect shipping lanes. However, such measures could escalate the risk of further conflicts involving regional and global powers.

The international community has expressed strong disapproval and concern following the MV Soundiodine incident. Nations with significant interests in the Red Sea, particularly those reliant on the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait for oil transportation, are alarmed by the vulnerability of this crucial maritime route. Diplomatic efforts are underway to address security concerns, with proposals for enhanced international collaboration to monitor and safeguard the region’s shipping lanes. However, the complex political landscape complicates the implementation of effective solutions. The incident has highlighted the need for stringent international regulations and enforcement to prevent future attacks and ensure accountability for environmental and economic damages.

In summary, the assault on the MV Soundiodine and the resulting oil spill have had profound and far-reaching consequences. The severe environmental damage to the Red Sea’s unique marine and coastal ecosystems has lasting effects on biodiversity and habitat integrity. Economically, the spill has disrupted both local and global markets, leading to substantial cleanup costs and economic hardship. Geopolitically, the incident has intensified tensions in an already volatile region, underscoring the interconnected nature of environmental, economic, and security challenges in the Red Sea. The MV Soundiodine spill serves as a stark reminder of the need for coordinated international efforts to address and mitigate such crises.

Amid Explosions and Controversy, Somali Women Defy Odds in Groundbreaking Beauty Pageant

On a night when most of Somalia tuned in to the Euro football final, a very different kind of spectacle unfolded at Mogadishu’s Elite Hotel. Hundreds gathered to witness the Miss Somalia pageant, a daring celebration of beauty and resilience in one of the world’s most dangerous places to be a woman. Just a kilometer away, the grim reality of Somali life was underscored by a car bomb explosion that killed five and injured twenty. The militant group al-Shabab, notorious for its reign of terror over Somalia, claimed responsibility for the attack.

The juxtaposition of a beauty pageant with such violence highlights the schizophrenic nature of life in Somalia. While pageant contestants paraded in glamorous gowns, the nearby explosion shattered the night, a stark reminder of the pervasive threat of terrorism. This contrast paints a vivid picture of a nation grappling with its identity and future.

Hani Abdi Gas, founded the competition in 2021. In a country where Islamist militants and conservative traditions dominate, her initiative is nothing short of revolutionary. Gas, who grew up in the Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya before returning to Somalia in 2020, sees the pageant as more than a beauty contest. It’s a platform for lifting women’s voices, fostering unity, and empowering Somali women.

Gas believes that Somalia, long deemed one of the worst places to be a woman, is ready to join the rest of the world in celebrating female beauty and aspiration. “I want to celebrate the aspirations of women from diverse backgrounds, build their confidence, and give them a chance to showcase Somali culture worldwide,” she said.

This year’s contestants reflected this diversity. Among them was a policewoman, a powerful symbol of women breaking barriers in a traditionally male-dominated society. However, not everyone was pleased. Many Somalis view beauty pageants as affronts to their culture and religion. Clan leader Ahmed Abdi Halane expressed disgust, saying, “Such things are against our culture and our religion. If a girl wears tight clothes and appears on stage, it will bring shame upon her family and her clan. Women are supposed to stay at home and wear modest clothes.”

Some women also oppose the pageant. Sabrina, a student, criticized the contestants for appearing in public without covering their necks, saying, “It is good to support the Somali youth but not in ways that conflict with our religion.”

Despite these criticisms, the pageant proceeded with its vibrant display of Somali culture. Aisha Ikow, a 24-year-old university student and make-up artist, was crowned Miss Somalia, taking home a $1,000 prize. Ikow, representing South-West state, vowed to use her platform to combat early marriage and promote girls’ education. “The competition celebrates Somali culture and beauty while shaping a brighter future for women,” she said.

The judging panel, which included Miss Somalia 2022 and a representative from the Ministry of Youth, found it hard to choose a winner. They assessed contestants on physical beauty, public speaking, and stage presence. An online vote, costing $1 per vote, funded the event and future international pageant participation.

The glitzy event in a luxury hotel contrasted sharply with the harsh realities faced by most Somali women. Four million Somalis, a quarter of the population, are internally displaced, with up to 80% being women. The UN ranks Somalia near the bottom on the Gender Inequality Index, with alarming rates of gender-based violence and female genital mutilation. Traditional practices still dictate that a rapist must marry his victim, and legal protections for women are severely lacking.

Despite these challenges, the Miss Somalia pageant signifies a slow but significant change. The fact that such an event could be held in Mogadishu, even amid nearby violence, indicates a shift in societal attitudes and an improvement in security.

The crowd at the Elite Hotel stayed until the early hours, undeterred by the attack’s proximity. They were engrossed in the pageant, the sound of the explosion drowned out by the waves crashing on the nearby beach.

In a nation torn by conflict and conservative values, the Miss Somalia pageant stands as a beacon of hope. It is a testament to the resilience of Somali women and their determination to carve out spaces of empowerment and celebration. As Somalia continues to navigate its complex identity, events like these are crucial in shaping a more inclusive and progressive future.

Kiin Hassan Fakat, reporting with Bilan Media, and Mary Harper, author of two books on Somalia, provide a lens into this transformative moment, capturing the courage and aspirations of Somali women amidst a backdrop of turmoil.