Surviving hunger, despair, and death, 47 Somali migrants reach Madagascar after a nightmare journey across the Indian Ocean.

The journey of 75 Somali migrants in search of refuge turned into a harrowing ordeal of survival, as they drifted helplessly at sea for 16 days. Their destination, Mayotte, a French territory in the Indian Ocean, symbolized hope. But the migrants’ dreams unraveled into a nightmare of hunger, death, and abandonment.

Setting sail on November 7 from a mothership off the Kenyan coast, the two boats aimed to deliver the passengers to Mayotte. Instead, they were betrayed by their human traffickers. After reaching the island’s coastline on November 11, the smugglers halted the journey, citing fears of gang activity ashore. By the following morning, both boats were adrift, their engines disabled, and the smugglers gone.

Days turned into weeks as the stranded migrants battled hunger and dehydration. Supplies ran out early, forcing the passengers to drink rainwater, consume grass washed aboard by the sea, and catch fish with makeshift tools. Tragically, desperation led some to ingest a mix of milk and urine to feed the youngest survivor, a 2-year-old boy, who ultimately succumbed.

By November 23, the toll of the ordeal became painfully clear. Starvation, dehydration, and exhaustion claimed 28 lives, including women and children. Those who survived faced hallucinations, despair, and near-complete physical collapse before the boats finally drifted to Madagascar’s shores. Fishermen discovered the survivors and provided water, food, and clothing, bringing an end to a journey defined by unimaginable suffering.

The survivors, including Luul Osman Mohamed and 21-year-old Anas Ibrahim Abdi, recount haunting memories of those days adrift. They endured not only the sea’s merciless grip but also the betrayal of smugglers and the silence of the international community. The Somali government eventually intervened, chartering a plane to bring the survivors back to Mogadishu.

This story underscores the desperation driving migration, even amid peril, and the systemic failures that leave vulnerable people at the mercy of human traffickers. For the survivors, the nightmare may be over, but the scars will endure.

The tragic death of 26-year-old Fathi Hussein, along with nearly two dozen Somali migrants, underscores the deadly perils faced by those fleeing conflict and poverty in search of asylum. The capsizing of two overcrowded boats off Madagascar’s coast this month marks another devastating chapter in the ongoing migration crisis centered around Mayotte, a French overseas territory in the Indian Ocean.

Fathi’s story exemplifies the harrowing choices migrants face. Leaving Somalia, a country plagued by decades of conflict and extremist violence, she embarked on what smugglers falsely advertised as a short, straightforward journey to Mayotte. Instead, the ordeal stretched over two weeks, exacerbated by abandonment, resource scarcity, and treacherous seas. Survivors recount horrific conditions, with passengers subsisting on raw fish and seawater, and some, like Fathi, succumbing to starvation and dehydration.

The use of kwassa boats, small and ill-equipped fishing vessels, highlights the reckless endangerment by smugglers who prioritize profit over human life. Charging up to $6,000 per person, these smugglers exploit desperate migrants, often relying on deceptive social media campaigns promising safe passage.

Mayotte’s proximity to East Africa makes it a natural destination for migrants seeking safety and the opportunity to attain French citizenship. However, the island’s infrastructure and resources are under immense strain. Its population has surged due to migration, with asylum seekers fleeing regions like Somalia, Madagascar, and the Comoros Islands.

The French government’s response to the crisis has been twofold: enhancing border enforcement and tightening local policies. In April 2023, a military-led operation sought to dismantle migrant settlements and curb undocumented migration. These actions, however, have drawn international criticism for violating human rights and failing to address the root causes of migration.

The tragedy reflects a growing regional migration crisis compounded by global inequities and weak international safeguards. Frantz Celestin of the International Organization for Migration aptly described 2024 as “the deadliest year for migrants in the region,” with escalating fatalities highlighting the urgent need for systemic reform.

The Kimberley Process serves as a sobering metaphor: much like its criticism for failing to prevent conflict diamonds, the current migration governance mechanisms are struggling to stem the tide of exploitative smuggling networks or provide safe alternatives for displaced populations.

The Somali government’s commitment to repatriating victims and assisting survivors is a critical first step but highlights deeper systemic issues. Decades of instability in Somalia, driven by militant groups like Al-Shabaab and persistent underdevelopment, force citizens into untenable decisions like Fathi’s.

Global efforts must prioritize humanitarian aid, refugee protections, and collaborative action against smuggling networks. At the same time, the G7 and other developed nations must reconsider policies that exacerbate bottlenecks in migration routes, inadvertently fueling human trafficking.

For Fathi’s family, her death is a stark reminder of the cost of desperation. “She hated the ocean,” her sister lamented—a sentiment that magnifies the magnitude of her despair in deciding to make the perilous journey.

As Mayotte becomes a focal point for migration and asylum policies, the international community faces a moral imperative to protect those seeking refuge while addressing the structural inequities that drive such perilous journeys. Without such action, tragedies like Fathi’s will continue to stain the waters of migration routes with untold loss.

Ireland has ramped up immigration enforcement, introducing measures that could profoundly impact Somali asylum seekers and other migrants navigating its evolving border policies. The government’s approach, aimed at curbing irregular migration, highlights growing pressures on Ireland’s resources amid a broader European migration crisis.

A key focus of the tightened measures is Ireland’s open land border with Northern Ireland, which has become a significant entry point for undocumented migrants. The Garda National Immigration Bureau (GNIB) has intensified patrols along the 500-kilometer frontier, conducting spot checks on buses and apprehending individuals without valid documentation.

Chief Superintendent Aidan Minnock of the GNIB confirmed that undocumented migrants are escorted to Dublin and often deported the same day. “From there, we place them on a boat and send them back to the UK,” he said, emphasizing a zero-tolerance approach.

This year alone, over 2,000 deportation orders were issued, marking a 156% increase compared to 2023. Yet enforcement challenges remain stark, with only 129 deportations confirmed so far. To address this gap, Ireland plans to introduce chartered flights for deportations and reallocate some immigration-related duties to streamline processes.

The surge in asylum applications—up nearly 300% compared to five years ago—coincides with multiple factors. Analysts attribute the rise to stricter UK immigration policies following Brexit, fears of deportation to Rwanda, and Ireland’s strong post-pandemic economic recovery.

However, the influx of asylum seekers places immense strain on Ireland’s housing infrastructure. International Protection Accommodation Services (IPAS) currently shelters 32,649 individuals—four times the number housed three years ago. Adding to this pressure are over 100,000 Ukrainians who have sought refuge in Ireland since 2022.

Ireland’s severe housing shortage has left many asylum seekers in limbo. The country ranks lowest in the European Union for housing accessibility for young people, reflecting the broader strain on resources. Temporary accommodations, including hotels, tent camps, and converted facilities, have become the norm.

Approximately 1,000 asylum seekers remain in emergency shelters, unable to transition to permanent housing. This bottleneck underscores the challenge of integrating new arrivals amid a housing system stretched to its limits.

The policy crackdown has drawn criticism from Somali advocates and human rights groups. Suleiman Mohamed Abdullahi, director of the Horn of Africa Peoples Aid in Northern Ireland, called the measures “reactive” and unlikely to address root causes of migration.

“The Irish government is revising its immigration laws, and we expect new measures soon, likely involving bolstered border security,” Abdullahi said. He added that restrictive policies rarely deter those fleeing conflict, poverty, or persecution. “People seeking safety and stability will always find ways to move.”

As a member of the European Union, Ireland is obligated to ensure its migration policies align with EU standards. Denied asylum seekers can appeal to EU courts, potentially gaining reprieve through legal mechanisms not available in non-EU states like the UK.

The tightening of Ireland’s immigration policies reflects broader European trends as countries grapple with rising migration flows. However, advocates warn that without addressing the systemic issues driving migration—such as instability in source countries like Somalia—enforcement-heavy approaches may exacerbate humanitarian challenges.

As Ireland continues to refine its migration policies, balancing enforcement with humanitarian obligations remains a critical test for the government.

22 Somali nationals lost their lives when two boats capsized off the coast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean.

The Somali Ambassador to Ethiopia and the African Union, Abdullahi Warfa, confirmed the incident on Saturday, stating that the vessels were carrying 70 passengers, all Somali nationals. The boats capsized under yet-to-be-determined circumstances, with bodies discovered Saturday.

Local fishermen played a crucial role in rescuing 48 survivors, who were subsequently taken to medical facilities for treatment. Warfa emphasized that the Somali government is actively investigating the tragedy, noting, “We have the names of the victims and will share them through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.”

Despite the swift rescue operation, details surrounding the cause of the capsizing remain unclear.

A Grim Year for the Indian Ocean Migration Route

This incident is part of a growing pattern of fatal maritime disasters in the Indian Ocean. Migrants, often fleeing conflict, poverty, and instability, attempt treacherous journeys in overcrowded, unsafe boats. Many aim to reach Mayotte, a French-administered island in the Comoros archipelago, which has become a flashpoint for migration.

In 2024 alone:

• Earlier this month, 24 migrants died off the Comoros Islands when traffickers reportedly capsized their vessel, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM).
• In September, a boat carrying 12 people, including children and a pregnant woman, disappeared en route from Comoros to Mayotte.
• August saw eight deaths, including a 12-year-old boy, in another maritime tragedy on the same route.

The IOM reports that women, children, and infants are often among the victims, underscoring the human toll of these dangerous voyages.

The island of Mayotte, a French overseas department since 2011, is a primary destination for migrants seeking better opportunities in Europe. However, the journey from mainland Africa or neighboring islands like Comoros is fraught with risks.

Many migrants fall victim to traffickers who exploit their desperation, often overcrowding boats or abandoning them at sea. The waters of the Indian Ocean are particularly perilous, with strong currents and unpredictable weather adding to the danger.

Global and Regional Response

The rise in fatalities along the Indian Ocean migration route calls for urgent action from regional and international stakeholders. Organizations such as the IOM have called for:

Stronger enforcement against human traffickers.

Improved search and rescue operations in high-risk areas.

Humanitarian interventions to address the root causes of migration, including poverty, conflict, and political instability in countries like Somalia.

Ambassador Warfa’s acknowledgment of the victims’ identities highlights the need for greater accountability and support for those affected by such tragedies.

As the global community grapples with migration challenges, the loss of life in the Indian Ocean serves as a stark reminder of the human cost of inaction. Whether through enhanced regional cooperation or international aid, protecting vulnerable populations from exploitation and death must become a priority.

For the survivors of this latest tragedy, the road to recovery will be long, but their stories underline the urgent need for safer migration pathways and the prevention of future disasters.

Donald Trump’s return to the White House has reignited anxieties within immigrant communities across the United States, none more so than among Somali migrants. As the former president pledges a stringent crackdown on undocumented immigration, Somali families—many of whom sought refuge in the U.S. from violence and instability—now face the prospect of family separations, disrupted lives, and the loss of hard-won security.

The campaign promises that brought Trump back into office featured a renewed focus on sweeping deportations, with Trump vowing to remove millions of undocumented individuals in a bid to secure U.S. borders. In interviews since the election, he has underscored his commitment to this undertaking, assuring supporters that financial costs would not impede enforcement. With a plan to mobilize agencies like U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the Justice Department, and possibly even the military, Trump’s administration is preparing for what it describes as the largest deportation effort in modern history.

A Chilling Effect on Somali Communities

For Somali-Americans, Trump’s victory has revived memories of his earlier policies, which drastically reduced refugee admissions, imposed stringent vetting procedures, and banned immigration from several Muslim-majority nations, including Somalia. The impact of these restrictions was profound: in 2016, the U.S. accepted approximately 9,000 Somali refugees, yet following Trump’s 2017 immigration order, that number plummeted, leaving countless individuals stranded in refugee camps abroad and unable to reunite with family members in the United States.

Beyond the numbers, Trump’s rhetoric has also deeply impacted Somali-American communities. Known for targeting high-profile figures like Congresswoman Ilhan Omar, Trump’s discourse has, some argue, contributed to an atmosphere of hostility that has reshaped perceptions of belonging for many Somali-Americans. For individuals who have lived, worked, and raised families in the U.S. for decades, this election signals an unsettling return to an era of heightened suspicion and vulnerability.

Community leaders and activists are responding to this renewed threat with organized efforts to educate Somali-Americans about their legal rights and access to support networks. “This election has put us on high alert,” said a Minnesota-based advocate. “Our community is mobilizing, but we know this will be a difficult journey.”

Legal and Financial Hurdles to Mass Deportations

While Trump’s campaign rhetoric suggests an uncompromising approach, implementing mass deportations presents substantial logistical and financial obstacles. The U.S. legal system guarantees due process for undocumented immigrants facing removal, a right that ensures individuals can appeal deportation orders in immigration courts—a system already burdened with backlogs that could worsen under Trump’s plans. According to recent estimates, deporting millions of undocumented residents could cost nearly $1 trillion over the next decade, encompassing detention, transportation, and expanded immigration enforcement personnel.

Trump’s previous attempts at large-scale deportation faced international challenges, as some countries hesitated to accept returnees. Somalia, among others, has resisted forced repatriations, citing instability and security risks. This diplomatic dimension could once again hinder Trump’s plans, potentially creating new tensions with countries wary of accepting large numbers of deported citizens.

Canada: A Beacon for Asylum Seekers

For many Somali migrants, the prospect of deportation has already spurred thoughts of seeking asylum in Canada, which has historically offered a more welcoming stance toward refugees. In recent years, unofficial entry points like Roxham Road on the New York-Quebec border have become popular passageways for those fleeing restrictive U.S. immigration policies. Canadian Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland recently addressed these concerns, affirming Canada’s commitment to a balanced approach: safeguarding borders while honoring its obligations to asylum seekers. Yet officials in Quebec have expressed concerns that a migration surge could place significant strain on social services.

Impact on Somali Families and the U.S. Economy

For Somali families who have built lives in the U.S., the renewed threat of deportation is devastating. Many undocumented parents, who arrived in the U.S. years ago, have children who are U.S. citizens, raising the specter of family separations that could upend lives and derail futures. Human rights organizations warn that mass deportations could destabilize Somali communities across the U.S., deepening social divides and erasing years of community-building efforts.

The U.S. economy could also experience fallout. Immigrants, including those undocumented, are essential in industries such as agriculture, construction, and hospitality. A sudden labor shortage in these sectors could exacerbate existing challenges, as employers struggle to fill roles that are often grueling and difficult to staff. Trump’s policies, analysts suggest, could have unintended consequences for both local economies and national industries that rely on immigrant labor.

Sanctuary Cities and Legal Resistance

Trump’s proposed deportation agenda will likely face substantial opposition, particularly from sanctuary cities—jurisdictions that have limited cooperation with federal immigration enforcement. Legal advocacy groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), are preparing challenges, condemning mass deportations as inhumane and prohibitively costly. The ACLU has criticized Trump’s plans as an affront to due process, highlighting the disruptive impact on immigrant families and communities who, in many cases, contribute meaningfully to American society.

Moreover, Trump’s revived proposal to end birthright citizenship and denaturalize individuals with undocumented parents has sparked fears within immigrant communities about their long-term stability. For Somali families, particularly those with mixed-status households, these initiatives represent an existential threat that could undermine basic rights and intensify uncertainties around citizenship.

Organizing for the Future

In the face of these challenges, Somali-American communities are uniting with other immigrant groups to advocate for their rights and safeguard their futures. Community leaders are encouraging Somalis to engage in civic participation, raise awareness about immigration issues, and pursue legal avenues to protect their families from deportation. While the road ahead may be fraught with obstacles, Somali families across the U.S. are determined to hold onto their place in the nation they now call home.

The recent acquittal of a Somali asylum seeker, M.A., by the Juvenile Court of Kos has ignited renewed debate on the criminalization of migration in Greece. M.A., who arrived as an unaccompanied minor, faced allegations that included involvement in a criminal organization and facilitating unlawful entry into Greece. On October 24, 2024, the court exonerated him, a decision applauded by advocates as a step toward justice for migrants and asylum seekers.

The case against M.A. emerged after he reportedly lent his cell phone to another migrant seeking to contact a humanitarian organization, an act which prosecutors argued amounted to aiding unauthorized entry. His lawyers, Elli Kriona Saranti and Maria Spiliotakara of HIAS Greece, argued that M.A.’s actions were humanitarian rather than criminal. In a statement following the verdict, they emphasized the broader implications: “This ruling is a significant step forward. The criminalization of migration and the persecution of human rights defenders must cease. These actions have distracted from the urgent need to address crimes against migrants at our borders.”

The court’s decision arrives amid growing scrutiny of Greek policies on migration and border enforcement. Rights groups argue that Greece has employed restrictive and punitive measures against those seeking asylum, often blurring the lines between migration-related activities and criminal behavior. M.A.’s acquittal adds to a recent series of legal victories challenging these practices, reflecting an urgent call from advocates to respect the legal protections for refugees enshrined in international law, specifically the Geneva Refugee Convention. This treaty, ratified by Greece, prohibits states from penalizing refugees based on their method of entry, recognizing that asylum seekers may not have safe or lawful options to enter their destination countries.

This acquittal builds on a precedent set by the Dodecanese Appeals Court, which previously cleared M.A.’s adult co-defendants of similar charges. The Appeals Court underscored that assistance provided to migrants following their arrival does not constitute illegal entry facilitation, a stance advocates hope will guide future cases.

While M.A.’s acquittal has been celebrated by human rights advocates, it underscores a deeper, unresolved issue surrounding the treatment of migrants and asylum seekers at Greece’s borders. Rights organizations and legal experts are calling for more significant reforms to safeguard asylum seekers and to ensure that humanitarian acts are not mischaracterized as criminal. For now, M.A.’s case stands as a symbol of resilience and a critical reminder of the ongoing challenges faced by refugees seeking safety in Europe.

Reports of violent pushbacks at the Belarus-Poland border have surfaced again, casting a spotlight on Europe’s increasingly militarized approach to migration. This latest incident, involving Somali, Syrian, and Algerian refugees, has prompted renewed scrutiny of Poland’s tactics amid allegations of excessive force against individuals attempting to seek asylum. Belarusian officials reported finding 15 refugees, including Somali nationals, with extensive injuries—allegedly inflicted by Polish security forces—near a fenced section of the border. The injuries, described as dog bites, bruises, and rubber bullet wounds, indicate a violent expulsion from Polish territory, according to Belarus’ State Border Committee.

In response to this and previous incidents, the Grodno District Investigative Committee in Belarus has launched an inquiry, pledging to provide a “principled legal assessment” of Poland’s actions. Medical professionals in Belarus have documented the injuries, which could form the basis of a case against Poland’s border security practices.

Poland’s response has been unwavering. The government continues to defend its increasingly stringent border policies, which include the establishment of buffer zones and a hardening of asylum laws. Polish officials contend that these measures are necessary to counter what they view as a Belarusian tactic to manipulate migrant flows into Europe. According to Poland, Belarus has weaponized migration as a means to pressure the European Union, a charge Belarus denies, while accusing Poland of legitimizing “violence” against vulnerable migrants.

The trajectory that brought these refugees to Europe’s fortified borders is itself marked by hardship and danger. For many, the journey is one of survival, a response to the political instability, climate crises, and economic hardship gripping their homelands. Yet, after enduring perilous journeys through North Africa and Eastern Europe, many encounter not refuge but a barrier—both physical and legal—designed to keep them out.

This latest report from the Belarus-Poland border underscores the stark human toll of a geopolitical standoff where migrant lives often become collateral. Human rights advocates have long condemned the aggressive pushbacks that have characterized Europe’s border policies in recent years, particularly in regions bordering the EU’s eastern frontier. Organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have called on Poland to adhere to international asylum laws and respect the rights of refugees, regardless of the broader diplomatic tensions between Warsaw and Minsk.

Poland’s restrictive stance on migration is symptomatic of a larger shift within Europe. Countries along the EU’s external borders have adopted stringent measures to manage migration, often invoking security concerns as justification. For refugees fleeing instability in Somalia, Syria, and elsewhere, the fortified barriers, buffer zones, and tightened asylum protocols across Europe represent an additional set of challenges on a journey fraught with danger and deprivation.

Belarus, meanwhile, continues to leverage these incidents to rally international attention to Poland’s practices. The Grodno District Investigative Committee’s decision to investigate this latest case suggests that Minsk may seek to formalize its allegations in an attempt to escalate the issue at international forums. Whether the inquiry leads to diplomatic or legal repercussions remains to be seen, but it is likely to fuel the ongoing war of narratives between Poland and Belarus.

As the crisis unfolds, the plight of refugees remains a stark reminder of the human impact of hardened borders and geopolitical maneuvering. For many migrants stranded in border zones, international appeals offer little reprieve. With limited access to legal channels, medical care, and asylum options, their journey to safety is often met with yet another line of defense, rather than the sanctuary they seek.

Hundreds of Somali migrants stranded in Libya are enduring unimaginable hardships, trapped in a violent cycle of abuse, starvation, and uncertainty. Driven by poverty and conflict, these young migrants left Somalia in pursuit of a better life in Europe, but their journey has led them into a brutal nightmare where human traffickers, known as Magafe, hold them captive, extorting their families for ransom and subjecting them to relentless violence.

Among them is Abdirahman Ali Sheikh, who set out from Hargeisa, Somaliland, in March 2024, believing in the promise of a brighter future across the Mediterranean. “I regret ever leaving Somalia,” he told the BBC. “I was chasing a dream, but I found nothing but suffering.” Like many others, Abdirahman was deceived by traffickers who promised safe passage to Europe but delivered him into the hands of Libya’s notorious human trafficking networks, where torture and starvation are daily realities.

The trafficking routes through Libya are infamously controlled by criminal gangs that prey on vulnerable migrants. Once captured, these individuals are held in makeshift detention centers, where traffickers demand exorbitant ransoms from their families back home. Failure to pay often results in torture, and for many, it means death. Abdirahman described the brutal conditions inside these detention centers, where he witnessed people beaten to death and others left to perish in the desert. “I saw people beaten for hours, some until they died. Others were left to die in the desert, their bodies discarded like they meant nothing,” he recounted.

Libya, a country ravaged by years of civil war and political instability, has become a breeding ground for such atrocities. The breakdown of governance has allowed human traffickers to operate with near impunity, treating migrants as mere commodities to be bought, sold, and exploited. Despite occasional interventions by Libyan authorities, such as the rescue of 107 migrants in May 2024, thousands remain trapped in desert camps, subjected to unspeakable cruelty.

Abdirahman, now stranded in Tripoli, is among the many Somali migrants desperately seeking a way to return home. “I’ve asked the Somali embassy to send me home, and they’ve been supportive, but the wait is hard. I almost died of hunger here in Libya. I thought my country was poor, but now I realize there’s no better place than home,” he said. His story is a common one among migrants who survive the horrors of captivity. Disillusioned by their experiences, many now recognize that the perilous journey they embarked on was a dangerous illusion.

The plight of Somali migrants in Libya is part of a broader crisis affecting migrants across North Africa. Conflict and economic desperation continue to drive people from Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, and other countries, pushing them to embark on treacherous journeys across the desert in hopes of reaching the safety and opportunities they believe Europe offers. Yet, for many, Libya has become a deadly trap, where the dream of a better life is shattered by the grim reality of human trafficking.

Human rights organizations have long sounded the alarm about the abuses taking place in Libya’s detention centers, but little progress has been made in dismantling the trafficking networks. International bodies, including the United Nations, have condemned the inhumane conditions, yet migrants continue to suffer, caught in a limbo between their past lives of hardship and a future that remains painfully out of reach.

For those who have survived, like Abdirahman, the emotional and physical scars run deep. “I had this idea that Europe would be different, that I would find work and live a good life. But now I understand that leaving home was the biggest mistake I’ve ever made,” he reflected. The toll of the journey—witnessing death, enduring starvation, and facing violence—has left many migrants traumatized and desperate for a way out.

While embassies, including Somalia’s, work to repatriate those stranded in Libya, the process is slow and fraught with difficulties. In the meantime, migrants remain vulnerable to further abuse, trapped in a cycle of violence and exploitation. For Abdirahman and others, the dream of reaching Europe has been replaced by a singular hope: returning home to Somalia, a place they once fled but now long for with a deep sense of regret.

“If I could speak to anyone thinking of leaving Somalia, I would tell them to stay home,” Abdirahman said. “It’s not worth the risk. I wish I had understood that before I left.”

This tragedy, which reflects the broader humanitarian crisis facing migrants across the region, underscores the urgent need for coordinated international action to dismantle trafficking networks, protect vulnerable populations, and provide safe pathways for those fleeing conflict and poverty. For now, the thousands of migrants still trapped in Libya continue to wait, hoping for a chance to escape the horrors they once thought would lead them to freedom.