The conflicts between the Isaaq and Ogaden clans in Ethiopia’s Somali Region are emblematic of deeply rooted historical, political, and socio-economic tensions that have evolved into a struggle for dominance and survival. The recent events in Da’awaley underscore the broader dynamics of marginalization, territorial disputes, and the destructive role of external actors exploiting these vulnerabilities.

Historically, the Isaaq, a prominent clan with a distinct identity and historical footprint in both Somaliland and Ethiopia, has faced systematic marginalization. Despite having over 256 established villages and towns in the Ethiopian Somali Region, the Isaaq lack political representation and administrative recognition, unlike other clans. This disparity has left them vulnerable to aggression, most notably from the Ogaden clan, which dominates the Somali Region’s political apparatus.

The latest aggression by the Liyuu Police, a paramilitary force dominated by the Ogaden clan, in Da’awaley reflects a continuation of targeted hostilities against the Isaaq. These attacks are not isolated incidents but part of a broader campaign to assert territorial and political control. The Da’awaley massacre, coupled with the kidnapping of an Isaaq elder, signals a deliberate attempt to undermine Isaaq influence and resolve in the region.

This situation is exacerbated by resource competition. Both clans rely heavily on pastoral livelihoods, and climate change has intensified scarcity, turning disputes over grazing lands and water into violent confrontations. The Isaaq’s strategic position along trade routes and their economic contributions make them a significant player in the region, but their lack of administrative backing leaves them at a disadvantage.

The recent events also highlight a troubling pattern of Ethiopian authorities failing to rein in the Liyuu Police. This force has long been accused of human rights abuses, targeting non-Ogaden clans under the guise of maintaining order. The Ethiopian government’s reluctance to address these violations undermines its credibility and fuels perceptions of complicity.

The Isaaq’s demands for administrative recognition and equitable resource distribution are not only justified but essential for regional stability. Their proposal to create distinct regional provinces or align with Oromia Federal State represents a pragmatic approach to addressing their grievances. Such measures would mitigate tensions, enhance local governance, and promote inclusivity.

Achieving lasting peace requires a multifaceted strategy. Ethiopia must prioritize equitable political representation and enforce strict accountability for paramilitary actions. At the same time, dialogue facilitated by neutral parties could pave the way for reconciliation. Regional and international actors should support these efforts, ensuring that external influences do not derail the peace process.

The Isaaq-Ogaden conflict is a microcosm of broader issues in the Horn of Africa, where historical grievances, resource scarcity, and political exclusion intersect to fuel instability. Resolving this conflict is not only crucial for the affected communities but also for the broader stability of Ethiopia and its neighboring states. Addressing the underlying issues with sincerity and urgency is the only path to sustainable peace and development in this fragile region.

The eruption of fierce clashes on Wednesday in the village of Da’awaley, located along the Ethiopia-Somaliland border, marks a troubling escalation in a region already teetering on the edge of instability. The violent confrontations between local residents and the Ethiopian Somali region’s paramilitary Liyuu Police underscore the deepening fault lines of territorial disputes, ethnic tensions, and unchecked military aggression.

The Roots of the Conflict

At the heart of the clashes is a long-standing territorial and ethnic grievance. The Ethiopian Somali region, governed from Jigjiga, has frequently been accused of targeting communities along its border with Somaliland, particularly in areas inhabited by clans with historical ties to Somaliland. Da’awaley’s strategic location and cultural significance have made it a flashpoint for these tensions.

The Liyuu Police, a heavily armed and controversial paramilitary force, have faced accusations of committing atrocities in the name of enforcing regional control. Their recent assault on Da’awaley appears to have been a calculated attempt to suppress local resistance and assert dominance, further fueling grievances among the affected communities.

Targeting Somaliland Elders: A New Low

The reported targeting of Somaliland elders, who had traveled to mediate and restore peace, represents a dangerous escalation. These elders play a crucial role in conflict resolution and maintaining social harmony in the region. The Liyuu Police’s alleged attempt to eliminate them not only exacerbates the crisis but also undermines traditional mechanisms for resolving disputes. This act sends a chilling message that even neutral mediators are not safe from violence, further eroding trust between the parties involved.

The clashes have left Da’awaley in turmoil, with significant casualties among the Liyuu Police and local residents. The destruction wrought by the fighting, coupled with the displacement of civilians, raises urgent humanitarian concerns. Reports of civilians being targeted by the Liyuu Police add a disturbing dimension to the violence, with implications for broader regional stability.

The conflict also poses significant security risks. The capture of weapons and military vehicles by local residents highlights the potential for prolonged and intensified violence. Armed communities, emboldened by their resistance, may continue to resist Ethiopian Somali region authorities, setting the stage for a cycle of retributive violence.

Regional Dynamics and the Somaliland-Ethiopia Relationship

The violence along the border has broader geopolitical implications. Somaliland, an unrecognized state that has maintained stability and democratic governance, finds itself increasingly drawn into Ethiopia’s internal conflicts. While Somaliland has historically sought peaceful relations with Ethiopia, the recent clashes strain these ties, particularly as communities with strong Somaliland affiliations come under attack.

The Ethiopian Somali region’s aggressive tactics risk undermining Addis Ababa’s relations with Hargeisa, potentially complicating bilateral cooperation on trade, security, and border management. Moreover, the perception of Ethiopia’s complicity or indifference to the actions of the Liyuu Police could drive Somaliland to reassess its diplomatic posture.

Resolving the crisis requires immediate de-escalation and accountability. The Ethiopian federal government must rein in the Liyuu Police and investigate allegations of atrocities and targeted attacks on civilians and elders. International actors, including regional bodies such as the African Union, should press for dialogue and mediation to address the root causes of the conflict.

For Somaliland, the incident highlights the need to strengthen its diplomatic efforts to advocate for the protection of its affiliated communities along the border. Hargeisa must also work with Ethiopia’s central government to establish mechanisms that prevent such clashes in the future.

Conclusion

The renewed violence in Da’awaley is a stark reminder of the fragility of peace along the Ethiopia-Somaliland border. The targeting of civilians and elders not only deepens divisions but also threatens to destabilize the region further. Without decisive action to address the grievances and contain the violence, the conflict risks spiraling into a protracted and more destructive crisis, with dire consequences for all involved.

Somalilanders Call for International Action Against Hostile Provocations

The deportation of Yusuf Abdi Ali, known as “Tukeh” or “The Crow,” to Somalia on December 20 marks a watershed moment in the pursuit of justice for atrocities committed during Somalia’s Barre regime. This case underscores the resilience of survivors and the global mechanisms aimed at holding perpetrators accountable, even decades after their crimes. However, it also reveals lingering wounds and unresolved questions about Somalia’s violent past and its path toward reconciliation.

A Long Road to Justice

Ali’s case exemplifies the painstakingly slow march of justice for human rights violations. Accused of leading brutal campaigns against the Isaaq community in the 1980s, Ali’s actions as commander of the Somali National Army’s Fifth Brigade have been etched into the collective memory of Somaliland. Survivors describe torture, extrajudicial killings, and the destruction of villages as part of a counterinsurgency campaign targeting the Somali National Movement (SNM).

The testimony of Farhan Mohamoud Tani Warfaa, a survivor who was tortured and left for dead under Ali’s command, played a pivotal role in exposing these atrocities. Warfaa’s ability to confront Ali in a U.S. courtroom and secure a civil judgment in 2019 sent a powerful message: war crimes and crimes against humanity cannot be erased by time or distance.

Despite the victory, the delay in Ali’s deportation—spanning decades since his initial exposure in a 1992 CBC documentary—raises questions about the effectiveness and prioritization of justice mechanisms. Ali’s ability to live quietly in Virginia for years, even working as a rideshare driver, highlights systemic gaps in identifying and prosecuting human rights violators.

The U.S. and Global Accountability

Ali’s deportation showcases the role of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Human Rights Violators and War Crimes Center in uncovering and addressing historic injustices. Since its creation in 2008, the center has deported over 1,150 individuals involved in crimes such as genocide and torture, asserting the U.S.’s commitment to denying sanctuary to perpetrators.

However, the case also underscores broader challenges. Ali’s removal was only possible after prolonged legal battles, investigative reporting, and public outcry. His ability to re-enter the U.S. on a spousal visa and live for decades in apparent anonymity highlights the need for stronger vetting processes to prevent similar oversights.

Somalia’s Enduring Trauma

Ali’s deportation is not just about justice; it is a stark reminder of the enduring trauma from Somalia’s Barre era. The atrocities committed against the Isaaq community are emblematic of the larger campaign waged against the SNM, a movement that sought to protect its people from systemic violence. While Somaliland has emerged as a region of peace and democratic governance, the scars of the past remain unhealed.

The lack of international recognition for Somaliland complicates its efforts to address historical grievances and achieve justice. The absence of global acknowledgment leaves the region in a precarious position, forced to navigate its pursuit of accountability and reconciliation without full access to international support and resources.

Justice and Reconciliation

Ali’s case raises critical questions about the broader pursuit of justice for atrocities committed during Somalia’s civil war. His deportation is a significant milestone, but it is only one piece of a much larger puzzle. The victims of the Barre regime, particularly the Isaaq community, continue to demand recognition and reparations for their suffering.

For Somaliland, the case is both a vindication of its people’s resilience and a call to action for the international community to support its efforts toward accountability and healing. It also reinforces the importance of global justice mechanisms in addressing war crimes, even decades after they occur.

Yusuf Abdi Ali’s deportation to Somalia is a victory for justice, but it also serves as a reminder of the complex legacy of the Barre regime. It highlights the need for stronger global efforts to prevent perpetrators from finding safe haven and underscores the importance of supporting regions like Somaliland in their pursuit of recognition, reconciliation, and justice. As survivors like Warfaa demonstrate, the fight against impunity is long but necessary to ensure that history does not repeat itself.

The recent deadly clash between Somali and Ethiopian forces in Doolow, Jubaland, raises significant questions about external influences and the fragile balance of power in the Horn of Africa. With Somalia accusing Ethiopian forces of violating its sovereignty and the incident coming days after a landmark agreement brokered by Turkey, speculation is rife that regional and international powers may be stoking the flames of discord.

Turkey’s Role: Unintended Catalyst or Strategic Play?

Turkey, which has steadily expanded its influence in Somalia through military training, infrastructure investment, and diplomatic engagement, played a key role in facilitating the recent Ankara Declaration. This agreement aimed to resolve the nearly year-long dispute between Somalia and Ethiopia, particularly Ethiopia’s agreement with Somaliland. The Turkish mediation underscored Ankara’s growing stake in regional stability and its ambition to be a key player in the Horn of Africa.

However, the timing of the clash, so soon after Turkey’s diplomatic efforts, raises questions about whether Ankara’s involvement has inadvertently aggravated tensions. Turkey’s robust partnership with Somalia, especially with President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud’s administration, might have emboldened Mogadishu to assert itself more aggressively against Ethiopian incursions, potentially disrupting the delicate balance of power.

Furthermore, Jubaland’s semi-autonomous leadership, which has often resisted Mogadishu’s central authority, may view Turkey’s growing influence in Somalia as a threat to its own autonomy. By escalating tensions, pro-Jubaland factions—possibly with covert encouragement from external actors—could be seeking to undermine Turkey’s regional ambitions.

Egypt’s Geostrategic Calculations

Egypt, a long-time rival of Ethiopia, also stands to benefit from increased instability in Somalia, particularly if it weakens Addis Ababa. The two nations are already at odds over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), and any conflict in Ethiopia’s periphery could distract and destabilize the country further, reducing its capacity to counter Egyptian pressure on the Nile issue.

Egypt’s historic ties to Somaliland and Puntland, coupled with its opposition to Ethiopian expansion in the Red Sea region, suggest that Cairo could exploit tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia to curb Addis Ababa’s influence. By indirectly supporting Somali factions opposed to Ethiopian interventions, Egypt might aim to sow division that undermines the Ankara-brokered deal, which offers Ethiopia strategic sea access in Somalia.

A Complex Web of Rivalries

The clash in Doolow reflects deeper fissures within Somalia’s federal structure. Jubaland, long a contentious player, has often aligned itself with external actors like Kenya and Ethiopia to resist Mogadishu’s centralization efforts. Ethiopia’s involvement in supporting Jubaland forces during the recent firefight further complicates its relationship with Somalia’s federal government.

At the same time, Ethiopia’s controversial agreements with Somaliland and its recent rapprochement with Somalia under the Ankara Declaration indicate a strategic pivot. This pivot, however, is fragile, as evidenced by Ethiopia’s alleged backing of Jubaland forces, which Mogadishu views as undermining its sovereignty.

The situation is further exacerbated by the broader regional rivalry between Turkey and Egypt, whose competing interests in the Horn of Africa extend beyond Somalia. Both nations are vying for influence in strategic maritime routes and resource-rich regions, and their proxy maneuvers could be fueling the instability.

Speculation and Consequences

If Turkey’s involvement inadvertently emboldened Mogadishu or if Egypt has covertly encouraged opposition to Ethiopian expansion, the Horn of Africa could be on the brink of a new phase of conflict. This tension threatens to derail the Ankara Declaration and further destabilize the region, where competing powers are using Somali federal states as proxies to advance their own agendas.

The fallout from this incident could extend far beyond Somalia and Ethiopia, with broader implications for Red Sea security, counter-terrorism efforts, and regional trade. A breakdown of the Ankara Declaration would embolden factions like Jubaland while leaving Mogadishu isolated in its quest to consolidate power. This instability could also provide fertile ground for extremist groups like Al-Shabaab, which thrive in the absence of unified governance.

A Fragile Peace at Stake

The deadly clash in Doolow underscores the precariousness of Somalia-Ethiopia relations and highlights how external actors like Turkey and Egypt may be indirectly shaping the conflict. While Turkey’s mediation aimed to promote stability, the rapid unraveling of the Ankara Declaration suggests deeper regional rivalries are at play.

Unless these tensions are addressed through renewed diplomacy and mutual restraint, the Horn of Africa risks descending into further instability, with devastating consequences for the region and the broader international community.

Turkey’s dissemination of claims that Russia is supporting Sudanese rebels reveals the intricate web of geopolitics playing out in Africa. While the accusations lack substantiation, they offer insights into the regional power dynamics and the motives behind such narratives. The focus here lies on Sudan, a country of significant strategic importance, and the competition among external powers to shape its future.

Sudan’s position along the Red Sea and its untapped resources have long made it a target for international interest. Both Turkey and Russia see Sudan as a critical partner in their broader geopolitical ambitions. For Moscow, Sudan is a gateway to Africa and a key to maintaining influence over critical maritime routes. Russia’s pursuit of a naval base in Port Sudan has been central to its strategy to project power and secure a foothold in the region. Its alignment with Sudan’s official government underscores this ambition, reflected in arms supplies, oil exports, and diplomatic engagement.

Turkey, on the other hand, has its own aspirations. Ankara’s interest in establishing a presence on Suakin Island stems from its broader vision of regional influence. This aligns with Turkey’s efforts to expand its reach into Africa and the Middle East, reviving historical connections and asserting itself as a dominant regional power. By targeting Russia with accusations of supporting anti-government forces, Turkey seeks to discredit Moscow’s role in Sudan and position itself as a more reliable partner for the Sudanese government.

Disinformation becomes a strategic tool in this rivalry. By framing Russia as a destabilizing force, Turkey not only undermines Russian credibility but also strengthens its own narrative as a defender of Sudan’s sovereignty. This narrative is further amplified by Turkey’s media and intelligence apparatus, which aim to align international perceptions with Ankara’s interests.

However, these tactics carry risks. Such claims can complicate Sudan’s internal dynamics, deepening divisions and making conflict resolution more challenging. They also heighten competition among foreign powers, with Sudan potentially becoming a battleground for proxy rivalries. This could exacerbate the already fragile situation in the region, with ripple effects felt across neighboring countries.

The broader implications are significant. Misrepresentations and external meddling can delay critical negotiations, such as those involving Russia’s Port Sudan base, and create barriers to post-conflict recovery. Sudan’s leadership must tread carefully, balancing national interests while navigating these external pressures.

For the international community, the priority should be to promote dialogue and mediate disputes, ensuring that Sudan’s sovereignty is respected. Avoiding escalation and fostering cooperative solutions are essential to prevent Sudan from becoming a theater for broader geopolitical conflicts. Both Turkey and Russia must recognize that their actions in Sudan will not only shape the country’s future but also define their own roles in the region.

Magdeburg Attack Amplifies Disinformation and Strains Confidence in German Leadership

The Christmas market attack in Magdeburg has plunged Germany’s political landscape into turmoil, highlighting severe security lapses and giving far-right groups a powerful rallying cry ahead of the February election. The tragic incident, which left five dead, has not only sparked outrage over governance failures but also fueled a surge of disinformation that is eroding public trust in mainstream leaders.

German Interior Minister Nancy Faeser promised a thorough investigation, pledging that “federal authorities are turning over every stone.” However, revelations about prior warnings and the suspect’s inflammatory online posts have deepened skepticism. Germany’s Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) and regional authorities were reportedly alerted about the suspect’s potential for violence as early as 2015, with additional warnings from Saudi Arabia in 2023. Despite these red flags, the attacker was able to carry out his deadly plans, leading critics to question whether authorities were blindsided by his unusual profile: an anti-Islam activist, far-right sympathizer, and refugee from Saudi Arabia.

Disinformation and Mistrust in Leadership

The suspect’s complex identity has proven fertile ground for conspiracy theories and polarized narratives. Far-right groups, including the Alternative for Germany (AfD), have seized on the attack to bolster their anti-immigration platform, arguing that the government’s failure to secure borders endangers citizens. Alice Weidel, the AfD’s chancellor candidate, stated bluntly, “Magdeburg would not have been possible without uncontrolled immigration.”

Adding fuel to the fire, tech mogul Elon Musk amplified skepticism of the official narrative, accusing mainstream media of distorting facts and endorsing the AfD as Germany’s only savior. Musk’s comments underscore how international voices and social media platforms are shaping domestic narratives in Germany, exacerbating mistrust in mainstream politicians like Faeser and Greens leader Robert Habeck.

Habeck pushed back against such rhetoric, urging voters to reject “lies faster than the truth” and warning of the manipulative power of social media in the election’s final weeks. Yet the far right’s message appears to be resonating, with polls placing the AfD in a strong second position, even as the suspect’s alignment with their ideology complicates their usual framing of immigration as the root cause of insecurity.

Political Fallout and Election Implications

The attack’s timing could have profound political consequences. Security failures are dominating public discourse, weakening confidence in the ruling coalition and energizing the AfD’s base. While governing leaders scramble to promise stronger security laws, their reactive approach risks being overshadowed by the AfD’s direct and emotionally charged messaging.

The Magdeburg tragedy underscores a larger crisis of trust in German leadership, compounded by the spread of disinformation and the complexities of addressing unconventional threats. As the election approaches, the incident has turned into a litmus test for how effectively Germany’s leaders can counter extremism, secure public trust, and prevent far-right exploitation of national tragedies.

Taiwan’s Strategic Role in Countering China’s Military Ambitions

The intensifying military maneuvers by China around Taiwan have spotlighted the self-ruled island’s critical role in the Indo-Pacific power struggle. The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has conducted a relentless campaign of air and naval exercises, including over 1,500 PLA aircraft entering Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone in both 2022 and 2023. The Pentagon’s recent report on China’s military developments underscores Beijing’s ambition to assert dominance over Taiwan and deter international intervention.

In response, military analysts argue for a more assertive U.S. strategy that highlights Taiwan’s importance as a linchpin in countering China’s regional hegemony. The U.S.-Taiwan Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA), a logistics pact allowing the exchange of supplies and support, could become a cornerstone of this strategy. By enabling U.S. military jets to refuel in Taiwan or allowing visits by U.S. vessels, Washington would send a clear signal of its resolve to support Taiwan against Beijing’s aggression.

Beijing’s warnings against U.S. military aid to Taiwan reflect its discomfort with Washington’s evolving defense engagement. Despite China’s rhetoric, the U.S. remains firm in its strategic ambiguity, refraining from endorsing Taiwan’s independence while ensuring its ability to defend itself. Analysts argue that leveraging the ACSA for symbolic and operational gestures—such as U.S. Coast Guard presence or fighter jet refueling—could shift the strategic calculus, demonstrating that Taiwan is not isolated.

Military experts like Trey Meeks advocate for Taiwan to bolster its defense spending to match the escalating threat. They also suggest that Taipei adopt proactive measures, including radar missile locks on PLA incursions, to deter aggressive Chinese maneuvers. These actions could dramatically increase the operational risks for Chinese pilots, complicating their coercive tactics.

With President-elect Donald Trump signaling a potentially more aggressive stance on China, the U.S.-Taiwan relationship is poised for further transformation. Trump’s team could prioritize deeper defense cooperation, contingent on Taiwan’s increased military investment. This aligns with the broader aim of fortifying alliances in the Indo-Pacific to counterbalance China’s expanding influence.

Taiwan’s strategic significance extends beyond security. Its location on the First Island Chain and its democratic governance model represent a direct challenge to China’s authoritarian narrative. As Beijing doubles down on its military presence and seeks to delay international intervention, the U.S. and Taiwan must adopt innovative, cost-effective strategies to bolster Taiwan’s defense and morale.

To counter China’s “new normal” of military coercion, the U.S. must act decisively. Strengthening logistical and symbolic ties with Taiwan, coupled with proactive defense measures, is essential for maintaining stability in the region. Taiwan is not merely a frontline in the Sino-American rivalry but a crucial partner in preserving the rules-based international order. Recognizing and leveraging Taiwan’s strategic role is key to securing peace and deterring aggression in the Indo-Pacific.

Ahmed Al-Sharaa, better known as Abu Muhammad Al-Julani, is sending clear signals that he desires an American embrace—a development that aligns with the shifting dynamics of Russian and American influence in the Middle East and Africa. This geopolitical realignment underscores how Syria’s changing internal politics is reshaping global strategies.

Since the overthrow of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad on December 8, Russia has begun withdrawing significant military assets from its bases in Syria, particularly from the strategically important Hmeimim air base and Tartus naval facility. Satellite images and flight data confirm that Moscow has reallocated much of this equipment to African nations, including Libya, Mali, and the Central African Republic. While these moves aim to preserve Russian influence, experts argue that such African bases cannot replicate the strategic value of Russia’s Syrian foothold, which had allowed Moscow to project power across the Middle East and Africa.

Russia’s Costly Gamble in Africa

Russia’s pivot to Africa highlights a broader geopolitical challenge. Transferring military assets from Syria to Africa is logistically and financially taxing, requiring significant resources for air and sea transport. Air routes to Africa are complicated by the necessity of securing refueling stops and navigating rival-controlled airspace, such as Turkey’s. The increasing dependence on these logistical pathways also amplifies Turkey’s leverage over Russia in regional diplomacy.

Despite the logistical hurdles, Russia has managed to station approximately 1,200 troops in Mali and Libya. Concurrently, Moscow and Iran have been accused of supplying Sudan’s army with weaponry, drones, and fuel, potentially shifting the balance of power in the conflict-ridden region. These actions suggest that Russia is leveraging its African strategy to maintain global relevance, though the financial and strategic sustainability of such an approach remains questionable.

Al-Julani’s American Overtures

Amid this geopolitical reshuffling, Al-Julani’s apparent overtures toward the U.S. signal a desire to rebrand himself and his group, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), as potential partners in the post-Assad landscape. His calculated pivot aligns with the U.S. interest in stabilizing Syria and countering Russian and Iranian influence. Al-Julani’s ambitions, however, are a double-edged sword. While he positions HTS as a pragmatic force in the region, his past as a militant leader could complicate his path to U.S. acceptance.

The timing of Al-Julani’s move is noteworthy. As Russia recalibrates its focus away from Syria, he seeks to fill the void with U.S. backing, potentially altering the balance of power in the region. Whether the U.S. embraces this partnership remains uncertain, but Al-Julani’s intentions are clear: to emerge as a pivotal figure in Syria’s reconstruction and governance.

Implications for Global Power Dynamics

Russia’s retreat from Syria and pivot to Africa may offer short-term gains but comes at a steep cost. African bases, while symbolically important, lack the strategic depth and accessibility of those in Syria. Moreover, the logistical challenges and heightened Turkish influence further constrain Russia’s ability to project power effectively.

For the U.S., the shifting dynamics in Syria present both opportunities and challenges. Partnering with Al-Julani could provide a foothold in the region to counter both Russia and Iran, but it risks backlash from allies wary of legitimizing a figure with a militant past. The evolving scenario underscores the importance of strategic decisions in shaping the future of the Middle East and Africa.

As Russia seeks to maintain relevance through costly African ventures and Al-Julani courts American favor, the Horn of Africa and the Middle East remain theaters of intense geopolitical competition. The outcomes of these moves will not only redefine regional alliances but also influence global power balances for years to come.